ÿþ



















.. C:>2, .. >=><0@520



"/   !!"+







 













0;8=8=3@04

1998

 

 ! !# !"+ # !""





























.. C:>2, .. >=><0@520



"/   !!"+





#G51=>5 ?>A>185





































0;8=8=3@04

1998

 

# 611 : 611.8(072)



.. C:>2, .. >=><0@520. =0B><8O =5@2=>9 A8AB5<K: #G51=>5 ?>A>185 / 0;8=8=3@. C=-B. - 0;8=8=3@04, 1998. - 68 A. - ISBN 5-88874-092-6.



#G51=>5 ?>A>185 A>45@68B >A=>2=K5 ?>=OB8O 8 8;;NAB@0B82=K9 <0B5@80; ?> :C@AC 0=0B><88 =5@2=>9 A8AB5<K G5;>25:0 8 682>B=KE. :;NG05B 2 A51O @0745;K, ?>A2OI5==K5 >?8A0=8N AB@>5=8O 55 :;5B>G=KE M;5<5=B>2 8 >1I53> ?;0=0 >@30=870F88 C >A=>2=KE B0:A>=><8G5A:8E 3@C?? 682>B=KE. >;55 ?>4@>1=> 87;>65=> AB@>5=85 =5@2=>9 A8AB5<K G5;>25:0, 2:;NG0O :@>2>A=0165=85.

@54=07=0G5=> 4;O ABC45=B>2 18>;>38G5A:8E A?5F80;L=>AB59 C=825@A8B5B>2.







5G0B05BAO ?> @5H5=8N @540:F8>==>-8740B5;LA:>3> !>25B0 0;8=8=3@04A:>3> 3>AC40@AB25==>3> C=825@A8B5B0.





 5F5=75=B - 702. :0D54@>9 8EB8>?0B>;>388 8 384@>18>;>388 "# 4.1.=., ?@>D5AA>@  .. C@C:>2A:89.













































ISBN 5-88874-092-6	Óð 0;8=8=3@04A:89 3>AC40@AB25==K9 	C=825@A8B5B, 1998

 

























































0;5@89 0;5=B8=>28G C:>2

235=8O ;048<8@>2=0 >=><0@520



=0B><8O =5@2=>9 A8AB5<K



#G51=>5 ?>A>185 



8F5=78O !020345 >B 14.01.1997 3.

 540:B>@ ..0=F520.

@838=0;-<0:5B - ..%@CAB0;52.

>4?8A0=> 2 ?5G0BL 9.02.1998 3. $>@<0B 60E90 1/16.

C<. 4;O <=>68B. 0??0@0B>2.  87>3@0D.

#A;. ?5G. ;. 4,3. #G.-874. ;. 9,0. "8@06 150 M:7. 0:07        .



0;8=8=3@04A:89 3>AC40@AB25==K9 C=825@A8B5B,

236041, 0;8=8=3@04 >1;., C;. .52A:>3>, 14.





















59@>0=0B><8O >@30=8G5A:8 2E>48B 2 A>AB02 =59@>18>;>388 - >4=>9 87 =081>;55 1C@=> ?@>3@5AA8@CNI8E >1;0AB59 G5;>25G5A:>3> 7=0=8O.  0=0B><88 MB>B ?@>3@5AA :>A=C;AO ?@5645 2A53> ?@54AB02;5=89 > B>=:>< AB@>5=88 =5@2=>9 A8AB5<K, > :;5B>G=>< 8 AC1:;5B>G=>< C@>2=5 55 >@30=870F88. 0: 8 <=>385 4@C385 18>;>38G5A:85 48AF8?;8=K, =59@>18>;>38O - :>=:@5B=0O =0C:0, B@51CNI0O >B 87CG0NI53> 55 >?@545;5==KE 7=0=89 0=0B><8G5A:>3> AC1AB@0B0.

!>74020O MB> ?>A>185, 02B>@K ?>AB0@0;8AL 2:;NG8BL 2 =53> >A=>2=K5 =59@>0=0B><8G5A:85 ?>=OB8O 8 B5@<8=K, ?@5A;54CO ?@5645 2A53> F5;L - 40BL ABC45=B0< :>=A?5:B-A?@02>G=8:, >1;53G0NI89 GB5=85 =59@>18>;>38G5A:>9 ;8B5@0BC@K. AE>4O 87 B>3>, GB> M2>;NF8>==>5 @0728B85 =5@2=>9 A8AB5<K ?@>E>48;> 2> <=>3>< ?>4 2;8O=85< 2>7=8:=>25=8O 8 87<5=5=8O A5=A>@=KE >@30=>2, <K ?><5AB8;8 2 ?>A>185 @0745;, ?>A2OI5==K9 8E AB@>5=8N. @><5 B>3>, 2 ?>A>185 2:;NG5=> >?8A0=85 A8AB5<K :@>2>A=0165=8O F5=B@0;L=>9 =5@2=>9 A8AB5<K, :>B>@>5 G0AB> >BACBAB2C5B 2 CG51=8:0E ?> =59@>18>;>388. A=>2=0O G0ABL A>45@60=8O ?>A>18O :0A05BAO 0=0B><88 =5@2=>9 A8AB5<K G5;>25:0. "5< =5 <5=55 ABC45=B =0945B 8 :@0B:>5 >?8A0=85 >A=>2=KE MB0?>2 D8;>35=570 55 AB@C:BC@K. ;;NAB@0B82=K9 <0B5@80; ?>A>18O A>45@68B @0AH8D@>2:C B>;L:> C?><8=0NI8EAO 2 B5:AB5 AB@C:BC@. @85=B8@COAL =0 ABC45=B>2-18>;>3>2, 02B>@K A>7=0B5;L=> 871530;8 ;0B8=A:>9 =><5=:;0BC@K. BG5B;82> A>7=020O, GB> ?@54;0305<>5 2=8<0=8N ?>A>185 =5 <>65B 1KBL 548=AB25==K< 8;8 3;02=K< 8AB>G=8:>< CG51=>3> <0B5@80;0 ?@8 87CG5=88 48AF8?;8= =59@>18>;>38G5A:>3> F8:;0, 02B>@K =045NBAO, GB> 8E B@C4 ?@8=5A5B @50;L=CN ?>;L7C 2A5<, 8=B5@5ACNI8<AO @07;8G=K<8 0A?5:B0<8 AB@>5=8O =5@2=>9 A8AB5<K.

 

1. "'/  &/   !!"+



5@2=0O :;5B:0 (=59@>=)



5@2=0O :;5B:0 (=59@>=) A>AB>8B 87 B5;0, >B :>B>@>3> >BE>48B >48= 8;8 =5A:>;L:> >B@>AB:>2. =0 >1;0405B A?>A>1=>ABLN ?@>2>48BL 8 ?5@54020BL M;5:B@8G5A:85 8<?C;LAK.

!><0, 8;8 B5;>, =59@>=0 O2;O5BAO F5=B@0;L=K< >1@07>20=85<, >15A?5G820NI8< @>AB 45=4@8B>2 8 0:A>=>2 2 M<1@8>35=575, 0 B0:65 @535=5@0F8N 0:A>=0. # A0<KE :@C?=KE =59@>=>2 480<5B@ A><K 4>AB8305B 100 <:< 8 1>;55, C A0<KE <5;:8E - >:>;> 5 <:<.

5=4@8B=0O 7>=0 - @5F5?B>@=0O <5<1@0=0, A>AB>OI0O 87 AC60NI8EAO : :>=FC F8B>?;07<0B8G5A:8E 2K@>AB>2 (45=4@8B>2), A :>B>@K<8 >1@07CNBAO A8=0?B8G5A:85 :>=B0:BK 4@C38E =59@>=>2 ;81> :>B>@K5 48DD5@5=F8@CNBAO 2 AB@C:BC@C, B@0=AD>@<8@CNICN 2>7459AB28O 2=5H=59 A@54K 2 M;5:B@8G5A:CN 0:B82=>ABL.

:A>= - >48=>G=K9, =5@54:> 25B2OI89AO 8 C4;8=5==K9 2K@>AB F8B>?;07<K, AB@C:BC@=> 8 DC=:F8>=0;L=> ?@8A?>A>1;5==K9 4;O ?@>2545=8O =5@2=KE 8<?C;LA>2 >B 45=4@8B=>9 7>=K. # ?>72>=>G=KE 682>B=KE >= <>65B 8<5BL <85;8=>2CN >1>;>G:C, >1@07>20==CN :;5B:0<8 3;88.

"5;>45=4@88 0:A>=0 - @0725B2;5==K5 8 @07;8G=> 48DD5@5=F8@>20==K5 >:>=G0=8O 0:A>=>2, :>B>@K< ?@8ACI0 <5<1@0==0O 8 F8B>?;07<0B8G5A:0O A?5F80;870F8O, A2O70==0O A A8=0?B8G5A:>9 ?5@540G59 8;8 =59@>A5:@5B>@=>9 0:B82=>ABLN.



!B@>5=85 =59@>=0



;07<0B8G5A:0O <5<1@0=0 >:@C605B =5@2=CN :;5B:C. =0 A>AB>8B 87 15;:>2KE 8 ;8?84=KE :><?>=5=B>2, =0E>4OI8EAO 2 684:>:@8AB0;;8G5A:>< A>AB>O=88 (<>45;L <>708G=>9 <5<1@0=K): 42CA;>9=>ABL <5<1@0=K A>7405BAO ;8?840<8, >1@07CNI8<8 <0B@8:A, 2 :>B@K9 G0AB8G=> 8;8 ?>;=>ABLN ?>3@C65=K 15;:>2K5 :><?;5:AK. ;07<0B8G5A:0O <5<1@0=0 @53C;8@C5B >1<5= 25I5AB2 <564C :;5B:>9 8 55 A@54>9, 0 B0:65 A;C68B AB@C:BC@=>9 >A=>2>9 M;5:B@8G5A:>9 0:B82=>AB8.

/4@> >B45;5=> >B F8B>?;07<K 42C<O <5<1@0=0<8, >4=0 87 :>B>@KE ?@8<K:05B : O4@C, 0 4@C30O : F8B>?;07<5. 15 >=8 <5AB0<8 AE>4OBAO, >1@07CO ?>@K 2 O45@=>9 >1>;>G:5, A;C60I85 4;O B@0=A?>@B0 25I5AB2 <564C O4@>< 8 F8B>?;07<>9. /4@> :>=B@>;8@C5B 48DD5@5=F8@>2:C =59@>=0 2 53> :>=5G=CN D>@<C, :>B>@0O <>65B 1KBL >G5=L A;>6=>9 8 >?@545;O5B E0@0:B5@ <56:;5B>G=KE A2O759.  O4@5 =59@>=0 >1KG=> =0E>48BAO O4@KH:>.

 

 



 8A. 1. !B@>5=85 =59@>=0 (A 87<5=5=8O<8 ?> [13]):

1 - B5;> (A><0), 2 - 45=4@8B, 3 - 0:A>=, 4 - 0:A>==0O B5@<8=0;L, 5 - O4@>,

6 - O4@KH:>, 7 - ?;07<0B8G5A:0O <5<1@0=0, 8 - A8=0?A, 9 - @81>A><K,

10 - H5@>E>20BK9 (3@0=C;O@=K9) M=4>?;07<0B8G5A:89 @5B8:C;C<,

11 - AC1AB0=F8O 8AA;O, 12 - <8B>E>=4@88, 13 - 03@0=C;O@=K9 M=4>?;07-<0B8G5A:89 @5B8:C;C<, 14 - <8:@>B@C1>G:8 8 =59@>D8;0<5=BK,

15 - <85;8=>20O >1>;>G:0, >1@07>20==0O H20==>2A:>9 :;5B:>9

 

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

??0@0B >;L468 - A8AB5<0 C?;>I5==KE <5H>G:>2, 8;8 F8AB5@= - 8<55B 2=CB@5==NN, D>@<8@CNICN, AB>@>=C 8 =0@C6=CN, 2K45;ONICN. B ?>A;54=59 >B?>G:>2K20NBAO ?C7K@L:8, >1@07CNI85 A5:@5B>@=K5 3@0=C;K. $C=:F8O 0??0@0B0 >;L468 2 :;5B:0E A>AB>8B 2 E@0=5=88, :>=F5=B@8@>20=88 8 C?0:>2:5 A5:@5B>@=KE 15;:>2.  =59@>=0E >= ?@54AB02;5= 1>;55 <5;:8<8 A:>?;5=8O<8 F8AB5@= 8 53> DC=:F8O <5=55 OA=0.

87>A><K - 70:;NG5==K5 2 <5<1@0=C AB@C:BC@K, =5 8<5NI85 ?>AB>O==>9 D>@<K, - >1@07CNB 2=CB@5==NN ?8I520@8B5;L=CN A8AB5<C. # 27@>A;KE >A>159 2 =59@>=0E >1@07CNBAO 8 =0:0?;820NBAO ;8?>DCAF8=>2K5 3@0=C;K, ?@>8AE>4OI85 87 ;87>A><. ! =8<8 A2O7K20NB ?@>F5AAK AB0@5=8O, 0 B0:65 =5:>B>@K5 1>;57=8.

8B>E>=4@88 8<5NB 3;04:CN =0@C6=CN 8 A:;04G0BCN 2=CB@5==NN <5<1@0=K 8 O2;ONBAO <5AB>< A8=B570 045=>78=B@8D>AD>@=>9 :8A;>BK ("$) - >A=>2=>3> 8AB>G=8:0 M=5@388 4;O :;5B>G=KE ?@>F5AA>2 - 2 F8:;5 >:8A;5=8O 3;N:>7K (C ?>72>=>G=KE). >;LH8=AB2> =5@2=KE :;5B>: ;8H5=> A?>A>1=>AB8 70?0A0BL 3;8:>35= (?>;8<5@ 3;N:>7K), GB> CA8;8205B 8E 7028A8<>ABL 2 >B=>H5=88 M=5@388 >B A>45@60=8O 2 :@>28 :8A;>@>40 8 3;N:>7K.

$81@8;;O@=K5 AB@C:BC@K: <8:@>B@C1>G:8 (480<5B@ 20-30 =<), =59@>D8;0<5=BK (10 =<) 8 <8:@>D8;0<5=BK (5 =<). 8:@>B@C1>G:8 8 =59@>D8;0<5=BK CG0AB2CNB 2> 2=CB@8:;5B>G=>< B@0=A?>@B5 @07;8G=KE 25I5AB2 <564C B5;>< :;5B:8 8 >BE>4OI8<8 >B@>AB:0<8. 8:@>D8;0<5=BK 87>18;CNB 2 @0ABCI8E =5@2=KE >B@>AB:0E 8, ?>-2848<><C, C?@02;ONB 42865=8O<8 <5<1@0=K 8 B5:CG5ABLN ?>4;560I59 F8B>?;07<K.

!8=0?A - DC=:F8>=0;L=>5 A>548=5=85 =59@>=>2, ?>A@54AB2>< :>B>@>3> ?@>8AE>48B ?5@540G0 M;5:B@8G5A:8E A83=0;>2 <564C :;5B:0<8. )5;52>9 :>=B0:B >15A?5G8205B M;5:B@8G5A:89 <5E0=87< A2O78 <564C =59@>=0<8 (M;5:B@8G5A:89 A8=0?A).

 

 



 8A. 2. !B@>5=85 A8=0?B8G5A:8E :>=B0:B>2:

0 - I5;52>3> :>=B0:B0, 1 - E8<8G5A:>3> A8=0?A0 (A 87<5=5=8O<8 ?> [13]):

1 - :>==5:A>=, A>AB>OI89 87 6 AC1J548=8F, 2 - 2=5:;5B>G=>5 ?@>AB@0=AB2>,

3 - A8=0?B8G5A:0O 2578:C;0, 4 - ?@5A8=0?B8G5A:0O <5<1@0=0, 5 - A8=0?B8G5A:0O

I5;L, 6 - ?>ABA8=0?B8G5A:0O <5<1@0=0,7 - <8B>E>=4@8O, 8 - <8:@>B@C1>G:0,

9 - =59@>D8;0<5=BK

 

%8<8G5A:89 A8=0?A >B;8G05BAO >@85=B0F859 <5<1@0= 2 =0?@02;5=88 >B =59@>=0 : =59@>=C, GB> ?@>O2;O5BAO 2 =5>48=0:>2>9 AB5?5=8 C?;>B=5==>AB8 42CE A<56=KE <5<1@0= 8 =0;8G85< 3@C??K =51>;LH8E 2578:C; 21;878 A8=0?B8G5A:>9 I5;8. "0:0O AB@C:BC@0 >15A?5G8205B ?5@540GC A83=0;0 ?CB5< M:7>F8B>70 <5480B>@0 87 2578:C;.

!8=0?AK B0:65 :;0AA8D8F8@CNBAO 2 7028A8<>AB8 >B B>3>, G5< >=8 >1@07>20=K: 0:A>-A><0B8G5A:85, 0:A>-45=4@8B=K5, 0:A>-0:A>==K5 8 45=4@>-45=4@8B=K5.



>@D>;>38G5A:85 B8?K =59@>=>2



#=8?>;O@=K5 :;5B:8 C 15A?>72>=>G=KE =0E>4OBAO 2 A5=A>@=KE C7;0E 8 2 B>9 8 8;8 8=>9 AB5?5=8 A2O70=K A A5=A>@=K<8 <>40;L=>ABO<8. # ?>72>=>G=KE ?>4>1=K5 :;5B:8 8<5NB 420 >B@>AB:0, :>B>@K5 A;820NBAO 21;878 B5;0 :;5B:8 (?A524>C=8?>;O@=K5 =59@>=K). 8?>;O@=K5 =59@>=K 8<5NB >48= 0:A>= 8 >48= 45=4@8B 8 E0@0:B5@=K 4;O A5=A>@=KE >@30=>2 7@8B5;L=>9, A;CE>2>9 8 >1>=OB5;L=>9 A8AB5<. C;LB8?>;O@=K5 :;5B:8 8<5NB >48= 0:A>= 8 =5A:>;L:> 45=4@8B>2. >;55 ?>4@>1=0O :;0AA8D8:0F8O 8AE>48B 87 >A>15==>AB59 D>@<K 8E B5;0 (25@5B5=>>1@07=K5, ?8@0<84=K5), 0:A>==>9 0@1>@870F88 (:>@78=G0BK5), 45=4@8B=>3> 45@520, (72574G0BK5) 8 B.4. (2A53> 4> 60 @07;8G=KE 20@80=B>2).



 



 8A. 3. >@D>;>38G5A:85 B8?K =59@>=>2 [13]:

1 - C=8?>;O@=K9, 2 - 18?>;O@=K9, 3 - ?A524>C=8?>;O@=K9, 4 - <C;LB8?>;O@=K9

;5B:8 =59@>3;88



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



 



 8A. 4. ;5B:8 =59@>3;88 (F8B. ?> [12]):

1 - ?@>B>?;07<0B8G5A:89 0AB@>F8B, 2 - D81@>7=K9 0AB@>F8B,

3 - <8:@>3;8O, 4 - >;83>45=4@>F8BK

2. ! ",/ "/

  !!"+ !'+%



"8? AB@5:0NI8E (Cnidaria)



A=>20 :;5B>G=>9 >@30=870F88 AB@5:0NI8E - 420 A;>O :;5B>: (M:B>45@<0 8 M=B>45@<0), <564C :>B>@K<8 @0A?>;>65= A;>9 =5:;5B>G=>3> 25I5AB20 <57>3;88 (48?;>1;0AB8G5A:85 682>B=K5).  ?>A;54=5< @0A?>;030NBAO =5@2=K5 :;5B:8, 8<5NI85 M:B>45@<0;L=>5 8 M=B>45@<0;L=>5 ?@>8AE>645=85. B@>AB:8 MB8E :;5B>:, @0A?@>AB@0=OOAL =0 @07;8G=K5 @0AAB>O=8O 8 >1@07CO <564C A>1>9 A8=0?B8G5A:85 :>=B0:BK, >1@07CNB 42C<5@=CN =5@2=CN A5BL, ?@>E>4OICN ?> 2A5<C B5;C 682>B=>3>. 5 2E>40<8 A;C60B @07;8G=K5 A5=A>@=K5 :;5B:8: A5=A>@=K5 O<:8 (E5<>@5F5?F8O), 3;07:8 (B>G5G=K5 3;070), AB0B>F8ABK (3@028B0F8>==0O GC2AB28B5;L=>ABL) 8;8 B0:B8;L=K5 @5F5?B>@K. B@>AB:8 =5@2=KE :;5B>: 84CB : A>:@0B8B5;L=K< M?8B5;80;L=K< :;5B:0<, @0A?>;>65==K< ?>4 :>;>:>;>< <54C7K, GB> >15A?5G8205B @5D;5:AK, 2>AAB0=02;820NI85 ?>;>65=85 B5;0 2 ?@>AB@0=AB25. 5@2=K5 :;5B:8 >1;040NB A?>=B0==>9 0:B82=>ABLN, :>B>@0O @0A?@>AB@0=O5BAO ?> =5@2=>9 A5B8 <54;5==> 8 48DDC7=> 8 >15A?5G8205B ?;020B5;L=K5 42865=8O. # =5:>B>@KE 284>2 <54C7 =5@2=K5 :;5B:8 >1J548=ONBAO 2 =51>;LH85 =5@2=K5 A:>?;5=8O (:@052K5 B5;LF0). BACBAB285 2K@065==>9 F5=B@0;L=>9 =5@2=>9 A8AB5<K (&!) C AB@5:0NI8E ?>72>;O5B >B=5AB8 55 =5@2=CN A8AB5<C : 48DDC7=><C B8?C AB@C:BC@=>9 >@30=870F88.



"8? ?;>A:85 G5@28 (Plathelminthes)



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

 

 



 8A. 5. !B@>5=85 =5@2=>9 A8AB5<K AB@5:0NI8E,

?;>A:8E G5@259, :>;LG0BKE G5@259, <>;;NA:>2:

0 - =5@2=0O A8AB5<0 384@K 8 <54C7K [8]; 1 - =5@2=0O A8AB5<0 ?;0=0@88 [8];

2 - =5@2=0O A8AB5<0 4>6452>3> G5@2O - 284 A> A?8==>9 AB>@>=K (F8B. ?> [2]);

3 - &! <>;;NA:0 ?@C4>28:0 [1]

1 - 48DDC7=0O A5BL, 2 - ?@>4>;L=K5 =5@2=K5 BO68, 3 - 3>;>2=>9 «<>73» (F5@51@0;L=K9 30=3;89), 4 - A53<5=BK B5;0 (I - YI), 5 - F5@51@0;L=K9 30=3;89,

6 - >:>;>3;>B>G=0O :>==5:B820, 7-10 - 30=3;88 III, IY, Y, YI A53<5=B>2 A>>B25B-AB25==>, 11 - 1@NH=0O =5@2=0O F5?>G:0, 12, 13, 14 - ?5@54=89, A@54=89, 704=89

A53<5=B0@=K5 =5@2K, 15 - 1C::0;L=K9 30=3;89, 16 - F5@51@>1C::0;L=0O :>==5:-B820, 17 - F5@51@0;L=0O :><8AAC@0, 18 - ?;52@0;L=K9 30=3;89, 19 - ?540;L=K9

30=3;89, 20 - ?0@85B0;L=K9 30=3;89, 21 - 28AF5@0;L=K9 30=3;89

 



 "8? :@C3;K5 G5@28 (Nemathelminthes)



"@8?;>1;0AB8G5A:85 682>B=K5, 8<5NI85 ?5@28G=CN ?>;>ABL B5;0 (I5;8 <564C 2=CB@5==8<8 >@30=0<8, =5?>A@54AB25==> 3@0=8G0I85 A >:@C60NI8<8 B:0=O<8). 5@2=0O A8AB5<0 ?>AB@>5=0 ?> B8?C >@B>3>=0. A=>2=>9 3@C??>9 B8?0 O2;O5BAO :;0AA :@C3;KE G5@259 (Nematoda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



"8? :>;LG0BK5 G5@28 (Annelida)



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



"8? <>;;NA:8 (Mollusca)



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



"8? G;5=8AB>=>385 (Arthropoda)



 B8?C G;5=8AB>=>38E >B=>AOBAO 682>B=K5, 8<5NI85 A>AB>OI89 87 E8B8=>2KE ?;0AB8=>:-A:;5@B>2 =0@C6=K9 A:5;5B 8 G;5=8ABK5 :>=5G=>AB8. >;LH0O G0ABL 284>2 >B=>A8BAO : =0A5:><K<, 4@C385 3;02=K5 3@C??K - ?0C:>>1@07=K5 8 @0:>>1@07=K5. 5@2=0O A8AB5<0 @0:>>1@07=KE A>45@68B =043;>B>G=K9 (F5@51@0;L=K9) 8 ?>43;>B>G=K9 30=3;88, >1@07CNI85 3>;>2=>9 <>73, 8 1@NH=CN =5@2=CN F5?>G:C. ABL A5@45G=K9 30=3;89, C?@02;ONI89 A>:@0I5=8O<8 A5@4F0, 8 A8AB5<0 3830=BA:8E =5@2=KE 2>;>:>=. ;02=K<8 A@548 @5F5?B>@=KE >@30=>2 O2;ONBAO @0A?>;>65==K5 =0 ?>4286=KE AB515;L:0E A;>6=K5 3;070, =5ACI85 E5<>@5F5?B>@K 0=B5==K 8 AB0B>F8ABK. <55BAO =5A:>;L:> B8?>2 <5E0=>@5F5?B>@>2.

# =0A5:><KE F5@51@0;L=K5 30=3;88 A;820NBAO 8 >1@07CNB =5A:>;L:> >B45;>2: ?@>B>F5@51@C<, ?>;CG0NI89 2E>4K >B 3;07; 459B>F5@51@C<,

 

 

?>;CG0NI89 2E>4 >B 0=B5==; 8 B@8B>F5@51@C<, 8==5@28@CNI89 ?5@54=NN 

G0ABL ?8I520@8B5;L=>3> :0=0;0 8 >1;0ABL 3>;>2K. %>@>H> 2K45;ONBAO 7@8B5;L=K5 4>;8 ?@>B>F5@51@C<0, GB> A2O70=> A 2KA>:8< C@>2=5< @0728B8O A;>6=KE 3;07.  3@C4=>< >B45;5 @0A?>;>65=K B@8 :@C?=KE 30=3;8O: ?@>- <57>- 8 <5B0B>@0:0;L=K9. '8A;> 1@NH=KE 30=3;852 20@L8@C5B (<0:A8<0;L=> 4> 8).  0A?>;>65==K5 >:>;> 0>@BK :0@480;L=K5 B5;0 A>548=5=K A <>73>< ?>A@54AB2>< =5@2=>3> AB2>;0. ! =8<8 A2O70=K ?@8;560I85 B5;0.  B5 8 4@C385 O2;ONBAO =59@>M=4>:@8==K<8 >@30=0<8.



3. ! ",/ "/

  !!"+ '+%



1I89 ?;0= AB@>5=8O



&5=B@0;L=0O =5@2=0O A8AB5<0 (&!) ?>AB@>5=0 87 :;5B>: 8 2>;>:>=, :>B>@K5 @0728;8AL 87 4>@A0;L=> @0A?>;>65==>9 =5@2=>9 B@C1:8. 5@8D5@8G5A:0O =5@2=0O A8AB5<0 - =5@2=K5 2>;>:=0, A>548=ONI85 &! 8 B5;>, 0 B0:65 3@C??K :;5B>:, :>B>@K5 ;560B 70 ?@545;0<8 &! 8 =07K20NBAO 30=3;8O<8. &! 45;8BAO =0 425 >A=>2=K5 G0AB8: A?8==>9 <>73, ;560I89 2=CB@8 ?>72>=>G=>3> AB>;10, 8 3>;>2=>9 <>73, =0E>4OI89AO 2=CB@8 G5@5?=>9 :>@>1:8 8 A>AB>OI89 87 5 >B45;>2. !?8==><>73>2K5 =5@2K >1@07CNBAO 4>@A0;L=K<8 8 25=B@0;L=K<8 :>@5H:0<8 A?8=>3> <>730. '5@5?=><>73>2K5 =5@2K (C 2KAH8E ?>72>=>G=KE 8E 12 ?0@) =0G8=0NBAO 2 ?>;>AB8 G5@5?0, 0 8E O4@0 (:@><5 O45@ I 8 II =5@2>2) ;560B 2 AB2>;5. 535B0B82=0O =5@2=0O A8AB5<0 >1@07C5B A8AB5<C <>B>@=>9 8==5@20F88 2=CB@5==8E >@30=>2. 59@>M=4>:@8==0O A8AB5<0 >ACI5AB2;O5B A2O7L <564C =5@2=>9 A8AB5<>9 8 B5;>< A ?><>ILN 3>@<>=>2, 55 >A=>2=0O G0ABL - 38?>D87.



-2>;NF8O <>730 ?>72>=>G=KE



-2>;NF8O A;>6=KE D>@< ?>2545=8O ?>72>=>G=KE A2O70=0 ?@5645 2A53> A C25;8G5=85< A;>6=>AB8 AB2>;0 <>730, 8 >A>15==> :>=5G=>3> <>730. >73 ?@8<8B82=>3> ?>72>=>G=>3> A>AB>8B 87 704=53>, A@54=53> 8 ?5@54=53> >B45;>2.  D8;>35=575 =04 704=8< <>73>< @0728;AO <>765G>:, 2 @57C;LB0B5 G53> 704=89 <>73 @0745;8;AO =0 <>AB 8 ?@>4>;3>20BK9 <>73.  A@54=5< <>735 B5:BC< 87<5=8;AO 4;O 1>;55 A;>6=>9 ?5@5@01>B:8 7@8B5;L=>9 8 A;CE>2>9 8=D>@<0F88.  ?5@54=5< <>735 ?@>87>H;> 8=B5=A82=>5 @0728B85 ?>:@K20NI53> A;>O (?;0I0), :>B>@K9 2<5AB5 A 1070;L=K<8 30=3;8O<8 >1@07>20; ?>;CH0@8O 1>;LH>3> <>730. # ?B8F 8 <;5:>?8B0NI8E B0:>5 @0728B85 1>;LH>3> <>730 A2O70=> A ?>ABC?;5=85< 7@8B5;L=>9, A;CE>2>9 8 A><0B>A5=A>@=>9 8=D>@<0F88, 0 B0:65 A CA;>6=5=85< 55 ?5@5@01>B:8 8 >ACI5AB2;5=85< A;>6=KE 42865=89. 8DD5@5=F8@>2:0 ?@><56CB>G=>3> <>730 A?>A>1AB2C5B 2K?>;=5=8N 42CE 206=KE DC=:F89: ?5@5:;NG5=8O 8=D>@<0F88 =0 55 ?CB8 <564C ?>;CH0@8O<8 8 >AB0;L=K<8 >B45;0<8 3>;>2=>3> <>730 8 C?@02;5=8O 38?>D87><, :>B>@K9 2 A2>N >G5@54L C?@02;O5B M=4>:@8==>9 A8AB5<>9 >@30=87<0. @8 2A59 A;>6=>AB8 :0@B8=K D8;>35=5B8G5A:>3> @0728B8O <>730 >A=>2=>9 O2;O5BAO B5=45=F8O : C25;8G5=8N @07<5@0 8 A;>6=>AB8 :>=5G=>3> <>730. 081>;55 A8;L=> <5=ONBAO ?>;CH0@8O 1>;LH>3> <>730 8 <>765G>:, GB> ?@>O2;O5BAO 2 C25;8G5=88 G8A;0 8728;8=, ?@82>4OI5< : C25;8G5=8N ?;>I048 :>@K <>730.



4. $#&,+ "+  '



!?8==>9 <>73



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

%0@0:B5@=0O >A>15==>ABL >@30=870F88 A?8==>3> <>730 - =0;8G85 ?@028;L=>9 ?5@8>48G=>AB8 2 2KE>45 704=8E (4>@A0;L=KE) 8 ?5@54=8E (25=B@0;L=KE) A?8==><>73>2KE :>@5H:>2, A>45@60I8E A>>B25BAB25==> 0DD5@5=B=K5 (F5=B@>AB@5<8B5;L=K5) 8 MDD5@5=B=K5 (F5=B@>156=K5) 2>;>:=0. 0 4>@A0;L=>< :>@5H:5 =0E>48BAO A?8==><>73>2>9 30=3;89, A>45@60I89 0DD5@5=B=K5 =5@2=K5 :;5B:8, >B@>AB:8 :>B>@KE 2E>4OB 2 A?8==>9 <>73. 0640O ?0@0 :>@5H:>2 A>>B25BAB2C5B >4=><C 87 ?>72>=:>2 8 ?>:8405B ?>72>=>G=K9 :0=0; G5@57 >B25@AB8O <564C =8<8. >A;5 2KE>40 87 :>AB=>3> :0=0;0 :>@5H:8 A;820NBAO 8 >10 B8?0 2>;>:>= A<5H820NBAO 2 =5@20E. >MB><C A?8==>9 <>73 @0745;5= =0 @O4 A53<5=B>2 (H59=K5,



 

        



 8A. 7. !?8==>9 <>73 2 ?>72>=>G=>< :0=0;5 [14]:

0 - 2=5H=89 284 A?8==>3> <>730 (B25@40O >1>;>G:0 G0AB8G=> C40;5=0):

1 - B25@40O >1>;>G:0 8 55 :@09, 2 - 7C1G0B0O A2O7:0, 3 - A?8==><>73>2>9

30=3;89, 4 - H59=>5 CB>;I5=85, 5 - ?>OA=8G=>5 CB>;I5=85,

6 - <>73>2>9 :>=CA, 7 - :>=F520O =8BL, 8 - :>=A:89 E2>AB;

1 - AE5<0 @0A?>;>65=8O A53<5=B>2 A?8==>3> <>730 ?> >B=>H5=8N

: ?>72>=>G=><C AB>;1C: @8<A:85 F8D@K - ?>72>=:8,

0@01A:85 F8D@K - A53<5=BK A?8==>3> <>730 8 A?8==><>73>2K5 =5@2K

 

 



 8A. 8. !B@>5=85 A?8==>3> <>730 [14]:

0 - ?>?5@5G=K9 A@57 G5@57 ?>72>=>G=K9 :0=0; =0 C@>2=5 2-3> 3@C4=>3> ?>72>=:0;

1 - 15;>5 8 A5@>5 25I5AB2> A?8==>3> <>730

1 - B25@40O >1>;>G:0, 2 - M?84C@0;L=>5 ?@>AB@0=AB2>, 3 - AC14C@0;L=>5

?@>AB@0=AB2>, 4 - ?0CB8==0O >1>;>G:0, 5 - AC10@0E=>840;L=>5 ?@>AB@0=AB2>,

6 - <O3:0O >1>;>G:0, 7 - 704=89 :>@5H>:, 8 - 7C1G0B0O A2O7:0, 9 - A?8==><>73>2>9 30=3;89, 10 - A?8==>9 =5@2, 11 - ?5@54=89 :>@5H>:, 12 - A>548=8B5;L=K5

25B28, 13 - 1>@>74G0B>:><8AAC@0;L=0O 0@B5@8O, 14 - ?5@54=OO A?8==><>73>20O

0@B5@8O, 15 - 704=OO A?8==><>73>20O 0@B5@8O, 16 - A?8==><>73>20O 25B2L

<56@515@=>9 0@B5@88, 17 - <56?>72>=>G=>5 >B25@AB85, 18-20 - ?5@54=89,

1>:>2>9, 704=89 :0=0B8:8, 21 - 704=OO A@548==0O 1>@>740, 22-24 - 704=89,

1>:>2>9, ?5@54=89 AB>;1K A5@>3> 25I5AB20, >1@07CNI85 =0 ?>?5@5G=><

A5G5=88 @>30 (704=85, 1>:>2K5, ?5@54=85 - A>>B25BAB25==>), 25 - ?5@54=OO

A@548==0O I5;L, 26 - ?5@54=OO 1>:>20O 1>@>740

 

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



@>2>4OI85 ?CB8



 



 8A. 9. @>2>4OI85 ?CB8 A?8==>3> <>730 [14]:

2>AE>4OI85 ?CB8: 1 - B>=:89 ?CG>:, 2 - :;8=>284=K9 ?CG>:,

3 - A?8==>-B0;0<8G5A:89 ?CBL, 4 - A?8==>-<>765G:>2K9 704=89 ?CBL,

5 - A?8==>-<>765G:>2K9 ?5@54=89 ?CBL, 6 - A?8==>-B5:B0;L=K9 ?CBL,

7 - A?8==>->;820@=K9 ?CBL;

=8AE>4OI85 ?CB8: 8 - :>@B8:>-A?8=0;L=K9 ;0B5@0;L=K9 (?8@0<84=K9) ?CBL,

9 - :>@B8:>-A?8=0;L=K9 ?5@54=89 (?8@0<84=K9) ?CBL, 10 - @C1@>-A?8=0;L=K9

?CBL, 11, 12 - 25AB81C;>-A?8=0;L=K5 (;0B5@0;L=K9 8 ?5@54=89) ?CB8, 13 - B5:B>-A?8=0;L=K9 ?CBL, 14 - >;82>-A?8=0;L=K9 ?CBL, 15 - @5B8:C;>-A?8=0;L=K9 ?CBL.



>AE>4OI85 ?CB8



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

2. !?8==>-B0;0<8G5A:89 ?CBL >15A?5G8205B ?5@540GC 2 >A=>2=>< 1>;52>9 8 B5<?5@0BC@=>9 GC2AB28B5;L=>AB8. 59@>=K 1-3> ?>@O4:0 @0A?>;030NBAO 2 A?8==><>73>2KE 30=3;8OE, 0 2-3> ?>@O4:0 - 2 >A=>20=88 4>@A0;L=KE @>3>2 A5@>3> 25I5AB20 A?8==>3> <>730. :A>=K ?>A;54=8E ?5@5E>4OB =0 ?@>B82>?>;>6=CN AB>@>=C 8 ?> 15;><C 25I5AB2C ;0B5@0;L=>3> 8;8 25=B@0;L=>3> :0=0B8:0 ?@>E>4OB 157 ?5@5@K20 4> ?@><56CB>G=>3> <>730.  0A?>;>65==K5 2 =5< =59@>=K 3-3> ?>@O4:0 ?>AK;0NB 0:A>=K 2 :>@C 1>;LH8E ?>;CH0@89.

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

"0:8< >1@07><, :>@0 1>;LH8E ?>;CH0@89 A2O70=0 A 0DD5@5=B=K<8 2>;>:=0<8 ?@>B82>?>;>6=>9 AB>@>=K B5;0, 0 :>@0 <>765G:0 A2O70=0 ?@58<CI5AB25==> A =59@>==K<8 AB@C:BC@0<8 >4=>8<5==>9 AB>@>=K.



8AE>4OI85 ?CB8



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

2.  C1@>-A?8=0;L=K9 ?CBL >1@07>20= 0:A>=0<8 =59@>=>2 :@0A=>3> O4@0 A@54=53> <>730. -B8 0:A>=K ?5@5:@5I820NBAO =5?>A@54AB25==> ?>4 O4@>< 8 ?> ;0B5@0;L=><C :0=0B8:C A?CA:0NBAO 4> @07;8G=KE A53<5=B>2 A?8==>3> <>730, CAB0=02;820O 2 53> A5@>< 25I5AB25 A2O78 A 8=B5@=59@>=0<8. -B> 1>;55 4@52=OO, G5< ?8@0<84=K9 ?CBL, A8AB5<0 :>=B@>;O 42830B5;L=>9 DC=:F88 8 @0728B0 =5 B>;L:> C <;5:>?8B0NI8E, => 8 C @5?B8;89 8 ?B8F.

3. 5AB81C;>-A?8=0;L=K9 ?CBL >1@07>20= =59@>=0<8 @0A?>;>65==KE 2 ?@>4>;3>20B>< <>73C O45@ 59B5@A0. E 0:A>=K ?@>E>4OB 2 25=B@0;L=>< :0=0B8:5 8 70:0=G820NBAO =0 8=B5@- 8 <>B>=59@>=0E ?@><56CB>G=>9 7>=K A5@>3> 25I5AB20 A?8==>3> <>730.

4.  5B8:C;>-A?8=0;L=K9 ?CBL >1@07>20= 0:A>=0<8 @5B8:C;O@=>9 D>@<0F88 704=53> <>730. A=>2=0O G0ABL MB8E 2>;>:>= 70:0=G8205BAO =0 8=B5@=59@>=0E <5480;L=>9 G0AB8 25=B@0;L=>3> @>30.



04=89 <>73 (@><1>284=K9 <>73)



 



 8A. 10. !B2>; <>730 [6]:

0 - 704=OO ?>25@E=>ABL (<>765G>: C40;5=): 1 - 704=OO A@548==0O 1>@>740,

2 - B>=:89 ?CG>:, 3 - 1C3>@>: B>=:>3> O4@0, 4 - :;8=>284=K9 ?CG>:,

5 - 1C3>@>: :;8=>284=>3> O4@0, 6 - <>73>2K5 ?>;>A:8, 7 - @><1>284=0O O<:0,

4=> IY 65;C4>G:0, 8, 9 - 25@E=85 8 =86=85 1C3>@:8 G5B25@>E>;<8O,

10-12 - 25@E=OO, A@54=OO, =86=OO <>765G:>2K5 =>6:8;

1 - ?5@54=OO ?>25@E=>ABL: 13 - 1>:>2>9 :0=0B8:, 14 - ?5@54=5-;0B5@0;L=0O

1>@>740, 15 - >;820, 16 - ?8@0<840, 17 - ?5@5:@5AB ?8@0<84, 18 - ?5@54=OO

A@548==0O I5;L, 19 - ?>7048->;82=0O 1>@>740, 20 - <>AB, 21 - =>6:8 <>730,

22 - 1078;O@=0O 1>@>740

 



 8A. 11. >?5@5G=K9 @07@57 ?@>4>;3>20B>3> <>730 (=0 42CE C@>2=OE) [6]:

1 - B>=:>5 O4@>, 2 - :;8=>284=>5 O4@>, 3 - 4>102>G=>5 :;8=>284=>5 O4@>,

4 - B5:B>-A?8=0;L=K9 ?CBL, 5 - ?8@0<84=K9 ?CG>:, 6 - <5480;L=0O ?5B;O,

7 - 2=CB@5==85 4C3>>1@07=K5 2>;>:=0, =0G8=0NI85AO >B B>=:>3> 8 :;8=>284-=>3> O45@, D>@<8@CNB <5480;L=CN ?5B;N, 8 - ?5@5:@5AB <5480;L=KE ?5B5;L,

9 - <5480;L=K9 ?@>4>;3>20BK9 ?CG>:, 10 - @5B8:C;O@=0O D>@<0F8O, 11,

12 - <5480;L=>5 8 704=55 4>102>G=K5 >;82=K5 O4@0, 13 - =86=55 >;82=>5 O4@>



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







!@54=89 <>73



!@54=89 <>73 A>AB>8B 87 B@5E >A=>2=KE G0AB59: :@KH0, ?>:@KH:0 8 =>6:8 <>730. @KH0 >1@07>20=0 ?0@0<8 25@E=8E 8 =86=8E 1C3@>2 G5B25@>E>;<8O. 564C :@KH59 8 @0A?>;>65==>9 25=B@0;L=55 ?>:@KH:>9 ?@>E>48B A8;L2852 2>4>?@>2>4.  ?>:@KH:5 =0E>4OBAO O4@0 III 8 IV ?0@ G5@5?=><>73>2KE =5@2>2, 0 B0:65 4>102>G=>5 O4@> III =5@20 (?0@0A8<?0B8G5A:>5 O4@> -48=35@0 - 5ABD0;O), ?0@=K5 :@0A=K5 O4@0 8 =5A:>;L:> O45@=KE A:>?;5=89 <5=LH53> @07<5@0, >B=>AOI8EAO : @5B8:C;O@=>9 D>@<0F88. >6:8 <>730 A>45@60B 3;02=K< >1@07>< =8AE>4OI85 42830B5;L=K5 2>;>:=0, =0G8=0NI85AO 2 :>@5 <>730 8 84CI85 : O4@0< G5@5?=><>73>2KE =5@2>2 8 42830B5;L=K< O4@0< A?8==>3> <>730. 5?>A@54AB25==> ?>4 :@0A=K<8 O4@0<8 =0E>48BAO 3@C??0 :;5B>:, A>AB02;ONI8E G5@=>5 25I5AB2>, 0=0B><8G5A:8 2E>4OI55 2 A>AB02 =>65: <>730.



>765G>:



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

>@0 A>AB>8B 87 B@5E A;>52.

1. >25@E=>AB=K9 <>;5:C;O@=K9 A>AB>8B 87 ?0@0;;5;L=KE 2>;>:>= 8 @0725B2;5=89 45=4@8B>2 =865;560I8E :;5B>:.  =86=59 G0AB8 @0A?>;>65=K B5;0 :>@78=G0BKE :;5B>:, 0:A>=K :>B>@KE >?;5B0NB :;5B:8 C@:8=L5, 0 B0:65 72574G0BK5 :;5B:8.

 

 

 



 8A. 13. !B@>5=85 <>765G:0: 0 - 284 A=87C, 1 - 3>@87>=B0;L=K9 @07@57 [6]:

1 - ?>;CH0@85 <>765G:0, 2 - 25@H8=0, 3 - ;8AB:8 <>765G:0, 4 - 1>@>740,

5 - O7KG>:, 6 - :@K;> F5=B@0;L=>9 4>;L:8, 7 - G5BK@5EC3>;L=0O 4>;L:0

(?5@54=OO G0ABL), 8-10 - 25@E=OO, A@54=OO 8 =86=OO <>765G:>2K5 =>6:8,

11 - ?8@0<840, 12 - C75;>:, 13 - :;>G>:, 14 - O7KG>: G5@2O, 15 - :>@0 <>765G:0,

16 - 4@52> 687=8 <>765G:0, 17 - O4@> H0B@0, 18 - H0@>284=>5 O4@>,

19 - ?@>1:>284=>5 O4@>, 20 - 7C1G0B>5 O4@>

 



 8A. 14. >@0 <>765G:0 8 55 =59@>==K9 A>AB02 (A 87<5=5=8O<8, ?> [15]):

I - <>;5:C;O@=K9 A;>9, II - 30=3;8>7=K9 A;>9, ( - 3@0=C;O@=K9 A;>9;

1 - :;5B:0 C@:8=L5, 2 - 72574G0B0O :;5B:0, 3 - :;5B:0 >;L468,

4 - :>@78=G0B0O :;5B:0, 5 - :;5B:0 >;L468, 6 - :;5B:0-75@=>, 7 - ?0@0;;5;L=K5

2>;>:=0, 8 - <H8ABK5 2>;>:=0, 9 - ;070NI85 2>;>:=0, 10 - 0:A>= :;5B:8

C@:8=L5, 11 - 3;><5@C;K <>765G:0, 12 - 0:A>= 75@=8AB>9 :;5B:8



2. 0=3;8>7=K9 A;>9 - B5;0 :;5B>: C@:8=L5. -B8 :;5B:8 8<5NB >18;L=> @0725B2;5==>5 45=4@8B=>5 45@52>, :>B>@>5 =0?@02;O5BAO : ?>25@E=>AB8 <>765G:0, 8 0:A>=, 84CI89 2 15;>5 25I5AB2>. :A>=K :;5B>: C@:8=L5 - 548=AB25==K5 2KE>4 87 :>@K <>765G:0, >=8 70:0=G820NBAO =0 =59@>=0E O45@ <>765G:0 8 25AB81C;O@=KE O45@.

3. @0=C;O@=K9 A;>9 A>45@68B 1>;LH>5 G8A;> B5; :;5B>:-75@5=. E 0:A>=K ?>4=8<0NBAO 25@B8:0;L=> 2 <>;5:C;O@=K9 A;>9 8 B0< "->1@07=> 25B2OBAO, >1@07CO ?0@0;;5;L=K5 2>;>:=0, :>B>@K5 D>@<8@CNB A8=0?AK =0 45=4@8B0E 4@C38E :;5B>:.  MB>< 65 A;>5 =0E>4OBAO :;5B:8 >;L468, 0:A>=K :>B>@KE ?>4E>4OB : :;5B:0<-75@=0<.

DD5@5=B=K9 2E>4 <>765G:0 >1@07>20= B@5<O A8AB5<0<8 2>;>:>=. >-?5@2KE, 84CI85 87 >;82 ?@>4>;3>20B>3> <>730 ;070NI85 (;80=>284=K5) 2>;>:=0, 70:0=G820NI85AO A8=0?A0<8 =0 45=4@8B0E :;5B>: C@:8=L5. >-2B>@KE, <H8ABK5 (<>E>284=K5) 2>;>:=0 84CB >B O45@ <>AB0 8 70:0=G820NBAO =0 :;5B:0E-75@=0E. -B@5BL8E, 04@5=M@38G5A:85 2>;>:=0 87 3>;C1>3> ?OB=0, ;560I53> =0 3@0=8F5 704=53> 8 A@54=53> <>730.

>4:>@:>2K5 ?0@=K5 O4@0 <>765G:0: O4@> H0B@0, H0@>284=>5, ?@>1:>284=>5 8 7C1G0B>5. :A>=K =59@>=>2 MB8E O45@ 84CB : AB2>;>2K< AB@C:BC@0<: >B O45@ H0B@0 - : 25AB81C;O@=><C O4@C 59B5@A0 8 @5B8:C;O@=>9 D>@<0F88, >B H0@>284=KE 8 ?@>1:>284=KE - : :@0A=K< O4@0<, >B 7C1G0BKE - : B0;0<CAC 8 40;55 : :>@5 1>;LH8E ?>;CH0@89.

DD5@5=B=K5 A2O78 <>765G:0 @07;8G=K 2 53> >B45;0E: 0@E8F5@515;;C< ?>;CG05B A2O78 ?> 25AB81C;>-<>765G:>2><C ?CB8, ?0;5>F5@515;;C< - ?> A?8==>-<>765G:>2><C ?CB8, 0 =5>F5@515;;C< - B0:65 ?> A?8==>-<>765G:>2K< ?CBO<, ?> :>@:>2>-<>AB>2K< ?CBO<, 3;02=K< >1@07>< >B A5=A>-<>B>@=>9 :>@K 1>;LH8E ?>;CH0@89.



@><56CB>G=K9 <>73



;5B>G=K5 A:>?;5=8O ?@><56CB>G=>3> <>730 ;>:0;87CNBAO 2>:@C3 B@5BL53> 65;C4>G:0, >1@07CO 53> 1>:>2K5, 25@E=85 8 =86=85 AB5=:8. =8 <>3CB 1KBL ?>45;5=K =0 5 >B45;>2: 7@8B5;L=K9 1C3>@ (B0;0<CA), 701C3>@=0O >1;0ABL (<5B0B0;0<CA), ?>41C3>@=0O >1;0ABL (38?>B0;0<CA), =041C3>@=0O >1;0ABL (M?8B0;0<CA), AC1B0;0<8G5A:0O >1;0ABL (AC1B0;0<CA).

 A@54=59 G0AB8 >15 ?>;>28=K B0;0<CA0 A>548=ONBAO <564C A>1>9 2<5AB5 ?5@5<KG:>9 - ?@><56CB>G=>9 <0AA>9. =0B><8G5A:8 O4@0 B0;0<CA0 45;OB =0 3@C??K: ?5@54=85, 8=B@0;0<8=0@=K5, A@548==K5, 1>:>2K5 8 704=85. /4@0, 40NI85 G5B:> >G5@G5==K5 ?@>5:F88 2 A5=A>@=CN :>@C 1>;LH8E ?>;CH0@89, =07K20NB A?5F8D8G5A:8<8, 8;8 ?@>5:F8>==K<8.  =8E 70:0=G820NBAO 4;8==K5 0:A>=K =59@>=>2 2>AE>4OI8E 0DD5@5=B=KE A8AB5< (:@><5 >1>=OB5;L=>3> ?CB8). 5A?5F8D8G5A:85 O4@0 A2O70=K A @5B8:C;O@=>9 D>@<0F859 8 40NB 2 :>@5 ?>;CH0@89 48DDC7=K5 ?@>5:F88. K45;ONB B0:65 0AA>F80B82=K5 O4@0, ?>;CG0NI85 A83=0;K >B A?5F8D8G5A:8E, 8 <>B>@=K5 O4@0, 2:;NG5==K5 2 A8AB5<C @53C;OF88 42865=89.

 <5B0B0;0<CAC >B=>AOBAO ;0B5@0;L=K5 (") 8 <5480;L=K5 (") :>;5=G0BK5 B5;0, O2;ONI85AO ?@>5:F8>==K<8 O4@0<8.

 

 



 A>AB02 M?8B0;0<CA0 2E>48B H8H:>284=0O 65;570 (M?8D87) 8 O4@0 C745G:8.

 AC1B0;0<CAC >B=>A8BAO O45@=>5 >1@07>20=85 A B5< 65 =0720=85<.

 38?>B0;0<CA 2E>4OB: ?5@5:@5AB 7@8B5;L=KE =5@2>2, 70:0=G820NI0OAO 38?>D87>< 2>@>=:0, A5@K9 1C3>@ 8 =081>;55 :0C40;L=> @0A?>;>65==K5 A>AF5284=K5 B5;0.





 





 8A. 16. /4@0 38?>B0;0<CA0

(F8B. ?> [15]):

1 - ?5@54=OO :><8AAC@0, 2 - :>=5G=0O ?;0AB8=:0, 3 - ?@5>?B8G5A:0O

>1;0ABL, 4 - 25=B@><5480;L=>5 O4@>, 5 - AC?@0>?B8G5A:>5 O4@>,

6 - 7@8B5;L=K9 ?5@5:@5AB, 7 - 7@8B5;L=K9 =5@2, 8 - 38?>B0;0<8G5A:0O 1>@>740, 9 - ?0@025=B@8:C;O@=>5 O4@>, 10 - 4>@A><5480;L=>5 O4@>, 11 - 704=55 O4@>,

12 - A>AF5284=>5 B5;>, 13 - ;0B5@0;L=K5 O4@0 A5@>3> 1C3@0,

14 - O4@0 2>@>=:8, 15 - 2>@>=:0,

16 - =59@>38?>D87, 17 - ?@><56CB>G=0O 4>;O, 18 - ?5@54=OO 4>;O



 MB8E >1@07>20=8OE @0A?>;>65=> 1>;LH>5 :>;8G5AB2> O45@, :>B>@K5 <>6=> @0745;8BL =0 =5A:>;L:> 3@C??: ?@5>?B8G5A:CN, ?5@54=NN, A@54=NN, =0@C6=CN 8 704=NN. 081>;55 E>@>H> 2K45;ONBAO ?0@025=B@8:C;O@=>5 8 AC?@0>?B8G5A:>5 O4@0 (?5@54=OO 3@C??0), 704=55 38?>B0;0<8G5A:>5 8 <0<8;;O@=>5 O4@0 (704=OO 3@C??0). !@548 A;>6=KE 8 70?CB0==KE A2O759 38?>B0;0<CA0 <>6=> 2K45;8BL :>@>B:89, => >G5=L <>I=K9 ?CG>: 2>;>:>= (4> 100 000 0:A>=>2), 70:0=G820NI89AO 2 704=59 4>;5 38?>D870. > MB8< 2>;>:=0< ?@>8AE>48B =5 B>;L:> @0A?@>AB@0=5=85 =5@2=KE 2>;>:>=, => 8 B>: =59@>A5:@5B0, 2K@010BK205<>3> :;5B:0<8 AC?@0>?B8G5A:>3> 8 ?0@025=B@8:C;O@=KE O45@. 8?>D87, O2;ONI89AO 206=59H59 65;57>9 2=CB@5==59 A5:@5F88, A>AB>8B 87 B@5E 4>;59: ?5@54=59 (045=>38?>D87), ?@><56CB>G=>9 8 704=59 (=59@>38?>D87) - 87 :>B>@KE B>;L:> ?>A;54=OO O2;O5BAO ?@>872>4=K< =5@2=>9 A8AB5<K.



"01;8F0 1



'5@5?=><>73>2K5 =5@2K 8 8E DC=:F88



><5@ ?0@K	08<5=>20=85 =5@20	$C=:F8O

I	1>=OB5;L=K9	!5=A>@=K9 2E>4 >B >1>=OB5;L=>3> M?8B5;8O

II	@8B5;L=K9	!5=A>@=K9 2E>4 >B 30=3;8>7=KE :;5B>: A5BG0B:8

III	;07>42830B5;L=K9	>B>@=K9 2KE>4 : G5BK@5< 87 H5AB8 =0@C6=KE <KHF 3;07=>3> O1;>:0

IV	;>:>2K9	>B>@=K9 2KE>4 : 25@E=59 :>A>9 <KHF5 3;07=>3> O1;>:0

V	"@>9=8G=K9	A=>2=>9 A5=A>@=K9 2E>4 >B ;8F0. >B>@=K9 2KE>4 : 6520B5;L=K< <KHF0<

VI	B2>4OI89	>B>@=K9 2KE>4 : =0@C6=>9 ?@O<>9 <KHF5 3;07=>3> O1;>:0

VII	8F52>9	A=>2=>9 <>B>@=K9 2KE>4 : <KHF0< ;8F0. !5=A>@=K9 2E>4 >B =5:>B>@KE 2:CA>2KE @5F5?B>@>2

VIII	!;CE>2>9	!5=A>@=K9 2E>4 >B 2=CB@5==53> CE0 8 25AB81C;O@=>3> >@30=0

IX	/7K:>3;>B>G=K9	!5=A>@=K9 2E>4 >B @5F5?B>@>2 (2 B>< G8A;5 2:CA>2KE) O7K:0 8 3;>B:8

X	;C640NI89	;02=K9 ?0@0A8<?0B8G5A:89 <>B>@=K9 2KE>4 : <KHF0< <=>38E 2=CB@5==8E >@30=>2: A5@4F0, 65;C4:0, :8H5G=8:0 8 4@. >B>@=K9 2KE>4 : <KHF0< 3;>B:8. !5=A>@=K9 2E>4 >B =5:>B>@KE 2:CA>2KE @5F5?B>@>2

XI	>102>G=K9	>B>@=K9 2KE>4 : 3@C48=>-:;NG8G=>-A>A:>2>9 8 B@0?5F85284=>9 <KHF0<

XII	>4JO7KG=K9	>B>@=K9 2KE>4 : <KHF0< O7K:0



>=5G=K9 <>73



>=5G=K9 <>73 A>AB>8B 87 ?>:@KBKE :>@>9 42CE ?>;CH0@89 8 1070;L=KE (?>4:>@:>2KE) O45@. # 27@>A;>3> G5;>25:0 ?>25@E=>ABL ?>;CH0@89 45;8BAO =0 ;>1=CN, B5<5==CN, 70BK;>G=CN 8 28A>G=CN 4>;8. 064K9 87 MB8E >B45;>2 @0745;O5BAO 1>@>740<8 =0 <5=LH85 ?> @07<5@0< 8728;8=K: 25@E=85, A@54=85 8 =86=85 28A>G=K5 8 ;>1=K5, ?@5F5=B@0;L=CN 8 ?>ABF5=B@0;L=CN 8 B.4. 0B5@0;L=0O (A8;L28520) 1>@>740 >B45;O5B 28A>G=CN 4>;N >B B5<5==>9 8 ;>1=>9, 3@0=8FC <564C :>B>@K<8 >1@07C5B F5=B@0;L=0O (@>;0=4>20) 1>@>740. B45;L=> @0A?>;>65= >AB@>2>:, ;560I89 2 3;C18=5 ;0B5@0;L=>9 1>@>74K =0 1>:>2>9 ?>25@E=>AB8 ?>;CH0@8O 8 ?@8:@KBK9 ;>1=>9, 28A>G=>9 8 B5<5==>9 4>;O<8. K45;ONB B0:65 ;8<18G5A:CN 4>;N, 2 :>B>@CN 2E>4OB G0AB8 ;>1=>9, B5<5==>9 8 28A>G=>9 4>;59: ?>4<>7>;8AB0O >1;0ABL, ?>OA=0O 8728;8=0, ?5@5H55: ?>OA=>9 8728;8=K, ?0@038??>:0<?0;L=0O 8728;8=0, :@NG>: 38??>:0<?0, <8=40;8=0 8 4803>=0;L=0O A2O7:0 @>:0.

 

 



 8A. 17. 0B5@0;L=0O ?>25@E=>ABL ?>;CH0@89 [6]:

I - Y - ;>1=0O, B5<5==0O, 70BK;>G=0O, 28A>G=0O 8 >AB@>2:>20O 4>;8;

1 - F5=B@0;L=0O 1>@>740, 2 - ;0B5@0;L=0O 1>@>740, 3, 4, 5 - 25@E=OO, A@54=OO,

=86=OO ;>1=K5 8728;8=K, 6, 7 - ?@5F5=B@0;L=0O 8 ?>ABF5=B@0;L=0O 8728;8=K,

8, 9 - 25@E=OO, =86=OO B5<5==K5 4>;L:8, 10 - =04:@0520O 8728;8=0, 11 - C3;>20O

8728;8=0, 12, 13, 14 - 25@E=OO, A@54=OO, =86=OO 28A>G=K5 8728;8=K,

15 - ?>?5@5G=K5 28A>G=K5 1>@>74K, 16 - ?>?5@5G=K5 28A>G=K5 8728;8=K

(5H;O), 17 - ?>@>3 >AB@>2:0, 18 - :@C3>20O 1>@>740 >AB@>2:0 

 



 8A. 18. >;CH0@8O 1>;LH>3> <>730:

0 - <5480;L=0O ?>25@E=>ABL, 1 - >A=>20=85 ?>;CH0@89 [6]:

1 - ?>OA=0O 8728;8=0, 2 - 1>@>740 <>7>;8AB>3> B5;0, 3 - ?5@5H55: ?>OA=>9

8728;8=K, 4 - ?0@038??>:0<?0;L=0O 8728;8=0, 5 - 7C1G0B0O 8728;8=0,

6 - =>A>20O 1>@>740, 7 - :@NG>:, 8 - >1>=OB5;L=0O 1>@>740, 9 - ?@O<0O 8728;8=0,

10 - 3;07=8G=K5 8728;8=K, 11 - >1>=OB5;L=0O ;C:>28F0, 12 - >1>=OB5;L=K9

B@0:B, 13 - <5480;L=0O 8 ;0B5@0;L=0O >1>=OB5;L=K5 ?>;>A:8, 14 - >1>=OB5;L=K9

B@5C3>;L=8:, 15 - ?5@54=55 ?@>4K@O2;5==>5 25I5AB2>, 16 - 4803>=0;L=0O

8728;8=0 @>:0, 2 3;C18=5 :>B>@>9 ?@>E>48B :><?0:B=K9 ?CG>: 2>;>:>=-

4803>=0;L=0O A2O7:0 @>:0

 

 

 8A. 19. 8??>:0<? ;52>3> ?>;CH0@8O [6]:

1 - 38??>:0<?, 2 - =>6:0, 3 - 10E@><:0, 4 - ;>B>:, 5 - 7C1G0B0O 8728;8=0,

6 - ?B8GLO H?>@0, 7 - =>6:0 A2>40, 8 - B5;> A2>40, 9 -AB>;1,

10 - A>AF5284=>5 B5;>, 11 - <>7>;8AB>5 B5;>



 



 8A. 20. 070;L=K5 O4@0 =0 3>@87>=B0;L=>< (0)

8 D@>=B0;L=>< (1) @07@570E ?>;CH0@89 3>;>2=>3> <>730 [6]:

1, 2 - 3>;>2:0 8 B5;> E2>AB0B>3> O4@0, 3 - >3@040, 4 - A:>@;C?0,

5, 6 - ;0B5@0;L=K9 8 <5480;L=K9 A53<5=BK 1;54=>3> H0@0, 7,8 - =0@C6=0O

8 <5480;L=0O <>73>2K5 ?;0AB8=:8, 9-11 - A0<0O =0@C6=0O, =0@C6=0O

8 2=CB@5==OO :0?AC;K, 12 - B0;0<CA





'0AB8 :>@K <;5:>?8B0NI8E A>45@60B A;54K D8;>35=5B8G5A:>3> @0728B8O. 0;5>:>@B5:A: >1>=OB5;L=K5 ;C:>28FK (2 :>B>@K5 =5?>A@54AB25==> ?>ABC?0NB 2>;>:=0 >B >1>=OB5;L=>3> M?8B5;8O), >1>=OB5;L=K5 B@0:BK (@0A?>;>65=K =0 =86=59 ?>25@E=>AB8 ;>1=KE 4>;59), >1>=OB5;L=K5 1C3>@:8 (2B>@8G=K5 >1>=OB5;L=K5 F5=B@K) 8 =5:>B>@K5 4@C385 1;87;560I85 AB@C:BC@K.

@E5:>@B5:A: ?>OA=0O 8728;8=0, 8728;8=0 <>@A:>3> :>=O (8728;8=0 38??>:0<?0), <8=40;5284=>5 B5;> (A:>?;5=85 A5@>3> 25I5AB20 ?>4 :>@>9 28A>G=>9 4>;8).

AB0;L=K5 G0AB8 :>@K >B=>AOB : =5>:>@B5:AC, :>B>@K9 C <;5:>?8B0NI8E 70=8<05B 4><8=8@CNI55 ?>;>65=85, >BB5A=OO AB0@CN :>@C 2?5@54 8 2=CB@L.

><?;5:A 1070;L=KE O45@ (?>;>A0B>5 B5;>) @0A?>;>65= 2 B>;I5 :>=5G=>3> <>730 8 A>AB>8B 87 E2>AB0B>3> O4@0, 1;54=>3> H0@0, A:>@;C?K 8 >3@04K. >;>A:0 15;>3> 25I5AB20 (2=CB@5==OO :0?AC;0), ?@>E>4OI0O <564C B0;0<CA>< 8 E2>AB0BK< O4@>< A >4=>9 AB>@>=K 8 1;54=K< H0@>< - A 4@C3>9. 0@C6=0O :0?AC;0 >B45;O5B ?>;>A0B>5 B5;> >B >3@04K.

A=>2=>9 AB@C:BC@=>9 >A>15==>ABLN :>@K O2;O5BAO ?@028;L=0O >@85=B0F8O :;5B>G=KE M;5<5=B>2 8 2>;>:>=, :>B>@K5 84CB 2 =0?@02;5=88 ?5@?5=48:C;O@=>< ?>25@E=>AB8, ;81> ?0@0;;5;L=> 59. 1KG=> 1;87:85 ?> @07<5@C :;5B:8 3@C??8@CNBAO =0 >48=0:>2>9 3;C18=5, >1@07CO :;5B>G=K5 A;>8.

"8?8G=>9 4;O <;5:>?8B0NI8E O2;O5BAO H5AB8A;>9=0O :>@0: 1) 25@E=89 <>;5:C;O@=K9 (?;5:A8<>@D=K9) A;>9 A>45@68B <5;:85 =5@2=K5 :;5B:8 8 0?8:0;L=K5 2>;>:=0 ?8@0<84=KE :;5B>: =865;560I8E A;>52; 2) =0@C6=K9 75@=8ABK9 A;>9 A>45@68B ?8@0<84=K5 :;5B:8 =51>;LH>3> @07<5@0; 3) A;>9 A@54=8E ?8@0<84; 4) 2=CB@5==89 75@=8ABK9 A;>9 A>AB>8B 87 1>;LH>3> :>;8G5AB20 :>@>B:>0:A>==KE =59@>=>2; 5) 2=CB@5==89 ?8@0<84=K9 A;>9 A>45@68B >A>15==> 1>;LH85 ?8@0<84=K5 =59@>=K; 6) ?>;8<>@D=K9 A;>9. 4=0:> 2 @07;8G=KE CG0AB:0E :>@K 8<5NBAO >?@545;5==K5 @07;8G8O 2 =59@>==>9 >@30=870F88, GB> ;568B 2 >A=>25 A>740=8O :0@B F8B>0@E8B5:B>=8G5A:>3> AB@>5=8O :>@K. 0?@8<5@, =0 :0@B5 @>4<0=0 2K45;5=> 11 >1;0AB59, 2:;NG0NI8E 52 ?>;O.

 

 



 8A. 21. !B@>5=85 :>@K 1>;LH8E ?>;CH0@89 [15]:

 - A;>8 :>@K,  - F8B>0@E8B5:B>=8:0,  - <85;>0@E8B5:B>=8:0;

A;>8: I - <>;5:C;O@=K9, II - =0@C6=K9 75@=8ABK9, III - 2=5H=89

A;>9 ?8@0<84=KE :;5B>: (A@54=8E ?8@0<84), IY - 2=CB@5==89 75@=8ABK9,

Y - 2=CB@5==89 ?8@0<84=K9, YI - ?>;8<>@D=K9, YII - 15;>5 25I5AB2>;

1 - ?8@0<84=K5 :;5B:8 @07=KE @07<5@>2, 2 - :;5B:0 0E0;O,

3 - 72574G0BK5 :;5B:8, 4 - =5?8@0<84=K5 :;5B:8 @07;8G=>3> B8?0

 



5. "/ ""   !!"+



!B@>5=85 A8<?0B8G5A:>9 A8AB5<K



&5=B@0;L=0O G0ABL ?@54AB02;5=0 O4@0<8, @0A?>;>65==K<8 2 3@C4=KE 8 25@E=8E ?>OA=8G=KE A53<5=B0E A?8==>3> <>730 (;0B5@0;L=0O G0ABL ?@><56CB>G=>9 >1;0AB8 A5@>3> 25I5AB20, >1@07CNI0O 1>:>2K5 @>30). :A>=K =59@>=>2 (3@C??0 , ?> -@;0=35@C 8 0AA5@C) MB8E O45@ 2KE>4OB 87 A?8==>3> <>730 2 A>AB025 25=B@0;L=KE :>@5H:>2. >A;5 2KE>40 87 ?>72>=>G=>3> :0=0;0 MB8 0:A>=K 84CB 2 A>AB025 A<5H0==>3> =5@20 8, >B45;OOAL >B =53>, 2 A>AB025 >B45;L=KE 25B>G5: (15;KE A>548=8B5;L=KE 25B259) ?>4E>4OB : 30=3;8O< ?0@=KE A8<?0B8G5A:8E AB2>;>2, :>B>@K5 BO=CBAO 24>;L ?>72>=>G=8:0.  MB8E 30=3;8OE ?@530=3;8>=0@=K5 0:A>=K, :0: ?@028;>, >1@07CNB A8=0?B8G5A:85 >:>=G0=8O =0 30=3;8>=0@=KE =59@>=0E. E ?>AB30=3;8>=0@=K5 0:A>=K 84CB 40;LH5 =0 ?5@8D5@8N 8 8==5@28@CNB MDD5:B>@=K5 >@30=K: 3;04:CN <CA:C;0BC@C 2=CB@5==8E >@30=>2, 65;578ABK5 :;5B:8, ?>?5@5G=>?>;>A0BCN <CA:C;0BC@C A5@4F0. >AB30=3;8>=0@=K5 2>;>:=0 >G5=L B>=:85 8, :0: ?@028;>, >G5=L A;01> <85;8=878@>20=K (A5@K5 A>548=8B5;L=K5 25B>G:8). >;8G5AB2> 30=3;852 ?>3@0=8G=>3> AB2>;0 ?@52KH05B :>;8G5AB2> 15;KE A>548=8B5;L=KE 25B259: >=8 @0A?>;>65=K =0 C@>2=5 =5 B>;L:> 3@C4=KE 8 25@E=8E ?>OA=8G=KE, => 8 H59=KE 8 =86=8E ?>OA=8G=KE A53<5=B>2.  MB8E A;CG0OE 30=3;88 =5 8<5NB A>1AB25==KE 15;KE A>548=8B5;L=KE 25B259, 0 A>548=5=K A 4@C38<8 30=3;8O<8 ?@>4>;L=K<8 :><8AAC@0<8. -DD5@5=B=K5 2>;>:=0 ?@>E>4OB : =8< 87 3@C4=>3> >B45;0 ?> ?@>4>;L=K< :><8AAC@0< G5@57 ?@><56CB>G=K5 30=3;88, =5 ?@5@K20OAL.  A@54=8E 3@C4=KE A53<5=B0E 7=0G8B5;L=0O G0ABL 0:A>=>2 :;5B>: 1>:>2>3> @>30 ?@>E>48B G5@57 A8<?0B8G5A:89 AB2>; 157 ?5@5@K20, >1@07CO <>I=K9 G@52=K9 =5@2. = ?>4E>48B : ;560I8< 2 1@NH=>9 ?>;>AB8 30=3;8O< A>;=5G=>3> A?;5B5=8O, 345 53> 2>;>:=0 70:0=G820NBAO A8=0?B8G5A:8<8 >:>=G0=8O<8. '0ABL A8<?0B8G5A:8E ?@530=3;8>=0@=KE 2>;>:>= 70:0=G8205BAO 2 1>;55 <5;:8E 30=3;8OE, @0A?>;>65==KE =0 1@K659:5 8 2 ?>;>AB8 B070.

 

 

 



 8A. 23. @30=K, 8==5@28@C5<K5 A8<?0B8G5A:>9 A8AB5<>9 (F8B. ?> [9]):

"1, L1 - 3@C4=>9, ?>OA=8G=K9 >B45;K A?8==>3> <>730;

1 - A8<?0B8G5A:89 AB2>;, 2 - 38?>B0;0<CA, 3 - =8AE>4OI85 2535B0B82=K5 ?CB8,

4 - G@52=K9 30=3;89, 5 - ?>B>2K5 65;57K, 6 - <CA:C;0BC@0 2>;>AO=>3>

D>;;8:C;0, 7 - ?5@8D5@8G5A:85 :@>25=>A=K5 A>AC4K, 8 - 3;04:0O <CA:C;0BC@0

3;070, 9 - A>AC4K 3>;>2K, 10 - 65;57K, A2O70==K5 A 3;07><, A =>A>2>9 8 @>B>2>9

?>;>ABO<8, 11 - 4KE0B5;L=0O A8AB5<0, 12 - A8AB5<0 :@>2>>1@0I5=8O,

13 - ?8I520@8B5;L=0O A8AB5<0, 14 - =04?>G5G=8:, 15 - ?>G:0,

16 - <>G52>9 ?C7K@L 8 >@30=K @07<=>65=8O

 

 



 8A. 24. @30=K, 8==5@28@C5<K5 ?0@0A8<?0B8G5A:>9 A8AB5<>9 (F8B. ?> [9]):

1 - 38?>B0;0<CA, 2 - =8AE>4OI85 2535B0B82=K5 ?CB8, 3 - 4>102>G=>5 O4@>

(O4@> -48=35@0-5ABD0;O) III =5@20, 4 - 25@E=55 A;N=>>B45;8B5;L=>5

O4@> YII =5@20, 5 - =86=55 A;N=>>B45;8B5;L=>5 O4@> IX =5@20, 6 - 4>@A0;L=>5 O4@> X =5@20, 7 - @5A=8G=K9 30=3;89, 8 - :@K;>=51=K9 30=3;89, 9 - CH=>9

30=3;89, 10 - ?>4=86=5G5;NAB=>9 30=3;89, 11 - 1;C640NI89 (%) =5@2,

12 - :@5ABF>2K9 >B45;, 13 - 3;04:0O <CA:C;0BC@0 3;070, 14 - A;57=0O 65;570,

15 - A;N==K5 65;57K, 16 - A>AC4K 3>;>2K, 17 - 4KE0B5;L=0O A8AB5<0,

18 - A8AB5<0 :@>2>>1@0I5=8O, 19 ?8I520@8B5;L=0O A8AB5<0,

20 - ?>G:0, 21 - <>G52>9 ?C7K@L, >@30=K @07<=>65=8O.

 

0;8G85 A8=0?B8G5A:>3> ?5@5@K20 =0 ?5@8D5@88 - <>@D>;>38G5A:0O >A>15==>ABL 2535B0B82=>9 =5@2=>9 A8AB5<K, ?>72>;ONI0O G5B:> 48DD5@5=F8@>20BL 55 MDD5@5=B=K9 ?CBL >B A>>B25BAB2CNI53> A><0B8G5A:>3>.  A8<?0B8G5A:>9 A8AB5<5 5ABL B>;L:> >4=> 8A:;NG5=85 - 2>;>:=0, ?@>E>4OI85 G5@57 A8<?0B8G5A:89 AB2>; 157 ?5@5@K20 8 70:0=G820NI85AO =0 :;5B:0E <>73>2>3> A;>O =04?>G5G=8:>2 (E@><0DD8==K5 :;5B:8). -B8 :;5B:8 8<5NB =59@>35==>5 ?@>8AE>645=85, 8 M<1@8>;>38G5A:8 8E <>6=> @0AA<0B@820BL :0: 284>87<5=5==K5 30=3;8>=0@=K5 =59@>=K.



!B@>5=85 ?0@0A8<?0B8G5A:>9 A8AB5<K



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



6. ' 



!0<0O =0@C6=0O - B25@40O <>73>20O >1>;>G:0, >1@07>20==0O 2>;>:=8AB>9 A>548=8B5;L=>9 B:0=LN.  ?>;>AB8 G5@5?0 >=0 A@0AB05BAO A =04:>AB=8F59, 2KAB8;0NI59 ?>25@E=>ABL :>AB59 G5@5?0. -B> A@0I5=85 >BACBAB2C5B B0<, 345 ?@>E>4OB :@C?=K5 25=K, >B2>4OI85 :@>2L >B <>730 8 70:;NG5==K5 <564C B25@4>9 >1>;>G:>9 8 =04:>AB=8F59.  ?>72>=>G=>< :0=0;5 B25@40O >1>;>G:0 >B45;5=0 >B =04:>AB=8FK A:>?;5=85< 68@0 8 M?84C@0;L=K< 25=>7=K< A?;5B5=85<.  ?>;>AB8 G5@5?0, 2 B5E <5AB0E, 345 @0A?>;030NBAO :@C?=K5 25=>7=K5 A8=CAK, 2=CB@5==89 ;8AB>: B25@4>9 >1>;>G:8 >BE>48B >B AB5=:8 G5@5?0. -B8 ;8AB:8 84CB =5A:>;L:> 40;LH5 70:;NG5==KE 2 =8E 25=>7=KE A8=CA>2 8 >1@07CNB ?;>B=K5 A>548=8B5;L=>B:0==K5 ?;0AB8=:8, @0745;ONI85 =5:>B>@K5 >B45;K <>730.

 



 8A. 25. 1>;>G:8 3>;>2=>3> <>730 =0 D@>=B0;L=>< @07@575 [15]:

1 - :>60, 2 - =04:>AB=8F0, 3 - :>ABL G5@5?0, 4 - B25@40O >1>;>G:0,

5 - AC14C@0;L=>5 ?@>AB@0=AB2>, 6 - ?0CB8==0O >1>;>G:0, 7 - ?>4?0CB8==>5

?@>AB@0=AB2>, 8 - <O3:0O >1>;>G:0, 9 - :>@0 <>730, 10 - A>AC4K :>68,

11 - 48?;>8G5A:85 25=K, 12 - 3@0=C;OF88 ?0CB8==>9 >1>;>G:8, 13 - ;0:C=0

A8=CA0 B25@4>9 >1>;>G:8, 14 - 25@E=89 A038BB0;L=K9 A8=CA, 15 - A>AC4K

<O3:>9 >1>;>G:8, 16 - A5@? 1>;LH>3> <>730, 17 - =86=89 A038BB0;L=K9

A8=CA, 18 - <>7>;8AB>5 B5;>





 











 8A. 26. !5@? <>730 8 ?0;0B:0

(=0<5B) <>765G:0 [6]:

1 - A5@? 1>;LH>3> <>730,

2 - =0<5B <>765G:0,

3 - 2K@57:0 =0<5B0,

4 - 480D@03<0 A54;0





4=0 87 =8E - A5@? 1>;LH>3> <>730 - @0A?>;>65=0 <564C 42C<O ?>;CH0@8O<8. @C30O - ?0;0B:0 <>765G:0 - ?@>E>48B 3>@87>=B0;L=>, >B45;OO <>765G>: >B 1>;LH>3> <>730. I5 >4=0 A:;04:0, 480D@03<0 A54;0, 87>;8@C5B 38?>D87, ;560I89 =0 BC@5F:>< A54;5.

0CB8==0O >1>;>G:0, >1@07>20==0O M;0AB8G=>9 2>;>:=8AB>9 B:0=LN, ;568B ?>4 B25@4>9 >1>;>G:>9. =0 >B45;5=0 >B B25@4>9 ?@><56CB:>< - AC14C@0;L=K< ?@>AB@0=AB2><, :>B>@>5 2 =>@<5 =5 ACI5AB2C5B, B0: :0: ?0CB8==0O >1>;>G:0 ?;>B=> ?@8;568B : B25@4>9 ( ?>B5=F80;L=>5 ?@>AB@0=AB2> ). 0CB8==0O >1>;>G:0 A>548=5=0 A ;560I59 3;C165 <O3:>9 >1>;>G:>9 ?>A@54AB2>< B>=:8E ?5@5<KG5:. -B8 425 >1>;>G:8 >B45;5=K 4@C3 >B 4@C30 ?>4?0CB8==K< ?@>AB@0=AB2><, 70?>;=5==K< A?8==><>73>2>9 684:>ABLN.  =5:>B>@KE >B45;0E ?>4?0CB8==>5 ?@>AB@0=AB2> @0AH8@O5BAO, >1@07CO F8AB5@=K.

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

O3:0O <>73>20O >1>;>G:0 ?;>B=> A>548=5=0 A ?>25@E=>ABLN 3>;>2=>3> 8 A?8==>3> <>730 8 A2O70=0 A ?>25@E=>AB=K< A;>5< 0AB@>F8B>2.  =59 =0E>4OBAO B>=:85 A?;5B5=8O :0?8;;O@>2, :>B>@K5 A;C60B 4;O 2A0AK20=8O G0AB8 A?8==><>73>2>9 684:>AB8.





 





 8A. 27. &8AB5@=K ?>4?0CB8==>3> ?@>AB@0=AB20 (F8B. ?> [15]):

1 - <56=>6:>20O F8AB5@=0, 2 - F8AB5@=0 ?5@5:@5AB0, 3 - III 65;C4>G5: <>730,

4 - 25@E=89 A038BB0;L=K9 A8=CA, 5 - 1>;LH0O <>73>20O (0;5=0) 25=0,

6 - >E20BK20NI0O F8AB5@=0, 7 - 2>4>?@>2>4 <>730, 8 - ?@O<>9 A8=CA,

9 - IY 65;C4>G5: <>730, 10 - A@548==>5 >B25@AB85 IY 65;C4>G:0,

11 - <>765G:>2>-<>73>20O (1>;LH0O) F8AB5@=0



7. !!" #' 





 



 8A. 28. 5;C4>G:8 <>730 [15]:

1 - 1>:>2K5 65;C4>G:8, 2 - ?5@54=89 @>3, 3 - F5=B@0;L=0O G0ABL, 4 - 704=89

@>3, 5 - =86=89 @>3, 6 - <5665;C4>G:>2>5 >B25@AB85, 7 - III 65;C4>G5:,

<56B0;0<8G5A:>5 A@0I5=85, 9 - 2>4>?@>2>4, 10 - IY 65;C4>G5:



>:>2K5, ;0B5@0;L=K5 65;C4>G:8 <>730 (?@02K9 8 ;52K9) ;560B 2=CB@8 >1>8E ?>;CH0@89 1>;LH>3> <>730.  :064>< 87 1>:>2KE 65;C4>G:>2 @07;8G0NB G0AB8: ?5@54=89, 704=89 8 =86=89 @>30, F5=B@0;L=0O G0ABL. 0640O 87 =8E A>>B25BAB2C5B >4=>9 87 4>;59 ?>;CH0@8O 1>;LH>3> <>730: ?5@54=89 @>3 70;5305B 2 ;>1=>9 4>;5, 704=89 - 2 70BK;>G=>9, =86=89 - 2 28A>G=>9, F5=B@0;L=0O G0ABL - 2 B5<5==>9. "@5B89 65;C4>G5: <>730 @0A?>;0305BAO 2 A@548==>9 A038BB0;L=>9 ?;>A:>AB8 8 A>>1I05BAO A 1>:>2K<8 65;C4>G:0<8 ?>A@54AB2>< 2?5@548 ;560I8E <5665;C4>G:>2KE >B25@AB89, A G5B25@BK< 65;C4>G:>< - ?>A@54AB2>< 2>4>?@>2>40 <>730. >:>2K5 AB5=:8 B@5BL53> 65;C4>G:0 >1@07>20=K <5480;L=K<8 ?>25@E=>ABO<8 7@8B5;L=KE 1C3@>2. '5B25@BK9 65;C4>G5: 2=87C A>>1I05BAO A ?>;>ABLN A?8==>3> <>730 53> A?8==><>73>2K< :0=0;><.  704=8E >B45;0E G5B25@B>3> 65;C4>G:0 =0E>4OBAO 420 >B25@AB8O, G5@57 :>B>@K5 ?>;>ABL 65;C4>G:0 A>>1I05BAO A AC10@0E=>840;L=K< ?@>AB@0=AB2><, - 1>:>2K5 >B25@AB8O G5B25@B>3> 65;C4>G:0 (>B25@AB8O NH:0).  A0<>9 :0C40;L=>9 G0AB8 G5B25@B>3> 65;C4>G:0 5ABL CG0AB>:, 345 53> :@KH0 A8;L=> 8AB>=G05BAO 8 2 =59 >1@07C5BAO >B25@AB85, G5@57 :>B>@>5 <>65B 2KE>48BL G0ABL A?8==><>73>2>9 684:>AB8 (A@548==>5 >B25@AB85 G5B25@B>3> 65;C4>G:0, 8;8 >B25@AB85 060=48).

 65;C4>G:0E <>730 =0E>48BAO A>AC48AB>5 A?;5B5=85, 2K?>;=ONI55 DC=:F8N A5:@5F88 F5@51@>A?8=0;L=>9 684:>AB8. >;LH0O 53> G0ABL @02=><5@=> @0A?@545;5=0 <564C G5B25@BK< 8 ;0B5@0;L=K<8 65;C4>G:0<8. :>;> 10% A>AC48AB>3> A?;5B5=8O @0A?>;>65=> 2 B@5BL5< 65;C4>G:5. > 27@>A;>< <>735 =0 4>;N A>AC48AB>3> A?;5B5=8O ?@8E>48BAO, :0: ?@028;>, =5 1>;55 0,25% <0AAK 2A53> <>730 (C G5;>25:0 2 - 3 3).



8.  !+ !!#+ 



@B5@80;L=>5 :@>2>A=0165=85 >ACI5AB2;O5BAO 87 42CE 8AB>G=8:>2: ?5@54=85 >B45;K <>730 A=0160NBAO :@>2LN G5@57 2=CB@5==85 A>==K5 0@B5@88, 0 704=85 - G5@57 425 ?>72>=>G=K5 0@B5@88, :>B>@K5, A;820OAL C >A=>20=8O ?@>4>;3>20B>3> <>730, >1@07CNB >A=>2=CN 0@B5@8N, :>B>@0O 2 A2>N >G5@54L 70:0=G8205BAO 42C<O 704=8<8 <>73>2K<8 0@B5@8O<8. !8AB5<K 2=CB@5==8E A>==KE 8 >A=>2=>9 0@B5@89 >1J548=ONBAO ?>A@54AB2>< 42CE 704=8E A>548=8B5;L=KE 0@B5@89 =0 =86=59 ?>25@E=>AB8 <>730. 0640O 2=CB@5==OO A>==0O 0@B5@8O 45;8BAO =0 B@8 >A=>2=K5 25B28: ?5@54=NN, A@54=NN 0@B5@88 1>;LH>3> <>730 (55 ?@>:A8<0;L=K9 AB2>; - 704=OO A>548=8B5;L=0O 0@B5@8O), 0 B0:65 ?5@54=NN 0@B5@8N A>AC48AB>3> A?;5B5=8O. 15 ?5@54=85 0@B5@88 A>548=ONBAO ?>A@54AB2>< ?5@54=59 A>548=8B5;L=>9 0@B5@88, 7025@H0NI59 D>@<8@>20=85 0@B5@80;L=>3> :@C30 1>;LH>3> <>730. B :064>3> 87 B@5E >A=>2=KE A>AC4>2 >BE>4OB ?5@D>@8@CNI85 0@B5@88, 84CI85 : 3;C1>:8< ?>4:>@:>2K< O4@0<, 0 70B5< >1@07CNI85 A5BL, :>B>@0O 405B =0G0;> 4@C38< ?5@D>@8@CNI8< 0@B5@8O<, A=0160NI8< :>@C <>730. 5;:85 25B28 ?5@D>@8@CNI8E 0@B5@89 2K?>;=ONB 2 >B=>H5=88 >B45;L=KE =59@>==KE 3@C?? DC=:F8N  :>=5G=KE 0@B5@89 : 70:C?>@:0 >4=>3> 87 B0:8E A>AC4>2 ?@82>48B : 3815;8 =59@>=>2 2 A=01605<>9 8< >1;0AB8. 4=0:> 70:C?>@:0 ?> :@09=59 <5@5 =5:>B>@KE 25B259 ?>25@E=>AB=>9 0@B5@80;L=>9 A5B8 =5 2A5340 A>?@>2>6405BAO A5@L57=K<8 :>@:>2K<8 ?>@065=8O<8 2 A8;C E>@>H53> @0728B8O A8AB5<K :>;;0B5@0;L=KE 0=0AB><>7>2.

@B5@80;L=>5 :@>2>A=0165=85 A?8==>3> <>730 >ACI5AB2;O5BAO ?5@54=59 8 704=59 A?8==><>73>2K<8 0@B5@8O<8, :>B>@K5 >BE>4OB >B ?>72>=>G=>9 0@B5@88. BE>4OI85 >B =8E ?5@D>@8@CNI85 A>AC4K A=0160NB :@>2LN A5@>5 25I5AB2> <>730.

 

 



 8A. 29. @>2>A=0165=85 3>;>2=>3> <>730 [15]:

1 - ?;5G53>;>2=>9 AB2>;; 0@B5@88: 2 - ?>4:;NG8G=0O, 3 - >1I0O A>==0O,

4 - ?>72>=>G=0O, 5 - =0@C6=0O A>==0O, 6 - 2=CB@5==OO A>==0O, 7 - 70BK;>G=0O,

8, 9 - A@54=OO 8 ?5@54=OO <>73>2K5 



 















 8A. 30. @B5@88 >A=>20=8O <>730 [6]:

(, IY - =5@2K; 0@B5@88: 1 - ?>72>=>G=0O, 2 - 704=OO A?8==><>73>20O,

3 - ?5@54=OO A?8==><>73>20O, 4 - 704=OO =86=OO <>765G:>20O, 5 - ?5@54=OO

<5=8=380;L=0O 25B2L, 6 - 1078;O@=0O,

7 - ?5@54=OO =86=OO <>765G:>20O,

8 - ;018@8=B0, 9 - <>AB0, 10 - 25@E=OO <>765G:>20O, 11 - 704=OO <>73>20O,

12 - 2=CB@5==OO A>==0O, 13 - ?5@54=OO <>73>20O, 14 - A@54=OO <>73>20O,

15 - ?5@54=OO A>548=8B5;L=0O,

16 - 704=OO A>548=8B5;L=0O





5=>7=K9 >BB>: >B ?5@54=8E >B45;>2 <>730 845B 2 A8AB5<C ?>25@E=>AB=KE 8 3;C1>:8E 25=. >25@E=>AB=0O A8AB5<0 A>AB>8B 87 25=, >B2>4OI8E :@>2L >B :>@K 3>;>2=>3> <>730 8 2;820NI8EAO 2 A8=CAK B25@4>9 <>73>2>9 >1>;>G:8: 25@E=89 A038BB0;L=K9, ?>?5@5G=K9 8 ?5I5@8ABK9. !8AB5<0 3;C1>:>3> 25=>7=>3> >BB>:0 A>AB>8B 87 42CE 3@C?? A>AC4>2: 25=K, @0A?>;>65==K5 2KH5 8 =865 ?@><56CB>G=>3> <>730 8 1070;L=KE O45@. 5=K @0A?>;>65==K5 1>;55 4>@A0;L=>, A>548=ONBAO 2 ?0@=K5 2=CB@5==85 25=K 1>;LH>3> <>730. >4 20;8:>< <>7>;8AB>3> B5;0 MB8 25=K A;820NBAO, >1@07CO 1>;LHCN 25=C <>730 (25=0 0;5=0), :>B>@0O 2;8205BAO 2 ?@O<>9 A8=CA. 5=K >A=>20=8O <>730 A;820NBAO 2 >A=>2=CN 25=C. > E>4C 2 =55 2;820NBAO 25=K, >B2>4OI85 :@>2L >B ?@><56CB>G=>3> <>730 8 >1;0AB8 ?>:@KH:8 A@54=53> <>730.

 

 



 8A. 31. 5=K 3>;>2K 8 A8=CAK [15]:

25=K: 1 - 25@E=OO ?>;0O, 2 - ?>4:;NG8G=0O, 3 - ?;5G53>;>2=0O,

4 - 2=CB@5==OO O@5<=0O, 5 - =0@C6=0O O@5<=0O, 6 - ?>72>=>G=0O;

A8=CAK: 7 - A83<>284=K9, 8 - ?>?5@5G=K9, 9 - :0<5=8ABK5 25@E=89, =86=89,

10 - ?@O<>9, 11 - 25@E=89 A038BB0;L=K9, 12 - =86=89 A038BB0;L=K9,

13 - ?5I5@8ABK9, 14 - :@K;>284=>5 A?;5B5=85; 25=K: 15 - 70BK;>G=K5

48?;>8G5A:0O 8 M<8AA0@=0O, 16 - 70BK;>G=0O, 17 - 1>;LH0O <>73>20O,

18 - 25@E=85 <>73>2K5, 19 - B5<5==0O M<8AA0@=0O, 20 - 28A>G=0O ?>25@E=>AB=0O

 

 



 8A. 32. 5=>7=>5 :@>2>A=0165=85 ?>72>=>G=>3> AB>;10 (F8B. ?> [14]):

25=K: 1 - =86=OO ?>;0O, 2 - 2>AE>4OI0O ?>OA=8G=0O, 3 - ?>OA=8G=0O,

4 - <56?>72>=>G=K5; 5 - ?5@54=55, 704=55 2=CB@5==85 ?>72>=>G=K5

25=>7=K5 A?;5B5=8O, 6 - :>@5H:>2K5 25=K



5=>7=K9 >BB>: >B A?8==>3> <>730 >ACI5AB2;O5BAO G5@57 ?5@54=89 ?@>4>;L=K9 25=>7=K9 AB2>;, 0 B0:65 G5@57 <=>65AB2> 704=8E ?@>4>;L=KE 25=. A5 MB8 A>AC4K A2O70=K 4@C3 A 4@C3>< E>@>H> @0728B>9 A8AB5<>9 0=0AB><>7>2, >1@07CNI8E A?;5B5=85 ?> 2A59 ?>25@E=>AB8 A?8==>3> <>730.





9. "   !!"+ '



>@D>35=57



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

 40;L=59H5< =5@2=0O ?;0AB8=:0 ?@>38105BAO A >1@07>20=85< A=0G0;0 =5@2=>9 1>@>74:8, 0 2 :>=F5 - 4;8==>9 ?>;>9 B@C1:8, ;560I59 =5?>A@54AB25==> ?>4 ?>25@E=>ABLN M:B>45@<K, >B :>B>@>9 >=0 >B45;O5BAO. 5@2>9 70<K:05BAO B0 G0ABL =5@2=>9 B@C1:8, :>B>@0O >1@07C5B 704=89 <>73. @8 70<K:0=88 1>@>74:8 2 :0C40;L=>< =0?@02;5=88 D>@<8@C5BAO G0ABL =5@2=>9 B@C1:8, :>B>@0O A>548=O5BAO A> A?8==K< <>73><. 0<K:0=85 =5@2=>9 1>@>74:8 2 @>AB@0;L=>< =0?@02;5=88 ?@>8AE>48B >4=>2@5<5==> A D>@<8@>20=85< A53<5=B>2 A?8==>3> <>730. => A=0G0;0 2545B : >1@07>20=8N A@54=53>, 0 70B5< ?5@54=53> <>730. >A;54=8< 70<K:05BAO =51>;LH>5 >B25@AB85 =0 <>73>2>< :>=F5, =07K205<>5 ?5@54=8< =59@>?>@><. > <5@5 70<K:0=8O =5@2=>9 B@C1:8 M:B>45@<0;L=K5 :;5B:8 1>:>2KE :@052 =5@2=>9 1>@>74:8 2KB0;:820NBAO 2 AB>@>=C, >1@07CO ?@>4>;3>20BK9 BO6 :;5B>: ?> >158< AB>@>=0< B@C1:8 - =5@2=K9 3@515=L. @>F5AA D>@<8@>20=8O =5@2=>9 B@C1:8 =07K205BAO =59@C;OF859.

> 7025@H5=88 =59@C;OF88 :;5B:8 =5@2=>3> 3@51=O <83@8@CNB =0@C6C 8 40NB =0G0;> A?8=0;L=K< 30=3;8O<, ?5@8D5@8G5A:8< 30=3;8>=0@=K< =59@>=0< A8<?0B8G5A:>9 =5@2=>9 A8AB5<K, H20==>2A:8< :;5B:0<, :;5B:0< A?8=0;L=KE 30=3;852, 0 B0:65 :;5B:0<, >1@07CNI8< 2=CB@5==85 ;8AB:8 >1>;>G5: <>730. !D>@<8@>202H8AL, 4;8==0O ?>;0O =5@2=0O B@C1:0 ?>425@305BAO 40;L=59H8< 87<5=5=8O<. 0 @0==59 AB0488 >=0 ?>4@0745;O5BAO =0 4;8==CN :0C40;L=CN B@C1:C, >1@07CNICN A?8==>9 <>73, 8 1>;55 H8@>:85 @>AB@0;L=K5 A53<5=BK, :>B>@K5 ?@52@0I0NBAO 2 3>;>2=>9 <>73.

 



 



 8A. 33. 8DD5@5=F8@>2:0 70@>4KH52KE ;8AB:>2 [11]:

0 - 70@>4KH52K9 48A: =0 65;B>G=>< <5H:5,

1 - AE5<0 ?>?5@5G=>3> @07@570 70@>4KH52>3> 48A:0;

1 - =5@2=0O ?;0AB8=:0, 2 - ?5@28G=0O 1>@>74:0, 3 - A><8BK, 4 - =5@2=0O 1>@>74:0, 

5, 6 - ?5@54=89, 704=89 =59@>?>@, 7 - =5@2=0O B@C1:0, 8 - =>B>E>@4, 9 - 0<=8>=,

10 - ?>;>ABL 65;B>G=>3> <5H:0, 11 - M:B>45@<0, 12 - <57>45@<0, 13 - M=B>45@<0

 



 



 8A. 34. !E5<0 >1@07>20=8O =5@2=>9 B@C1:8 8 =5@2=>3> 3@51=O [11]:

I - >1@07>20=85 =5@2=>9 1>@>74:8, 55 ?>3@C65=85, II - >1@07>20=85 =5@2=>9

B@C1:8, =5@2=>3> 3@51=O, ( - <83@0F8O :;5B>: =5@2=>3> 3@51=O;

1 - =5@2=0O 1>@>74:0, 2 - =5@2=K9 3@515=L, 3 - =5@2=0O B@C1:0, 4 - M:B>45@<0



>;>2=>9 :>=5F 2A:>@5 ?>4@0745;O5BAO =0 B@8 @0AH8@5=8O, ?5@28G=K5 <>73>2K5 ?C7K@8. >;>AB8 MB8E ?C7K@59 A>E@0=ONBAO 2 <>735 27@>A;>3> 2 284>87<5=5==>9 D>@<5 8 >1@07CNB ?>;>AB8 65;C4>G:>2 8 A8;L28520 2>4>?@>2>40.

!0<K< @>AB@0;L=K< >B45;>< =5@2=>9 B@C1:8 O2;O5BAO ?5@54=89 <>73, 70 =8< A;54C5B A@54=89 <>73, 8 B@5B89 - =081>;55 :0C40;L=K9 A53<5=B - >1@07C5B @><1>284=K9 <>73.  ?>A;54CNI5< @0728B88 ?5@54=89 <>73 45;8BAO =0 :>=5G=K9 <>73 (?>;CH0@8O 1>;LH>3> <>730 8 =5:>B>@K5 1070;L=K5 O4@0) 8 ?@><56CB>G=K9 <>73. ! :064>9 AB>@>=K ?@><56CB>G=>3> <>730 2K@0AB05B 3;07=>9 ?C7K@L, D>@<8@CNI89 =5@2=K5 M;5<5=BK 3;070. !@54=89 <>73 A>E@0=O5BAO :0: 548=>5 F5;>5.  ><1>284=K9 <>73 ?>4@0745;O5BAO =0 ?@>4>;3>20BK9 <>73, <>765G>: 8 <>AB.



8AB>35=57



5@28G=0O =5@2=0O B@C1:0 2 A?8=0;L=>< >B45;5 @0=> 45;8BAO =0 B@8 A;>O: 1) A0<K9 2=CB@5==89 M?5=48<=K9 A;>9, A>45@60I89 70G0B:>2K5 :;5B:8; 2) ?@><56CB>G=0O 7>=0 (<0=B89=K9 A;>9), :C40 <83@8@CNB ?@>;8D5@8@CNI85 :;5B:8; 3) =0@C6=K9 :@052>9 A;>9, :>B>@K9 2 7@5;>< <>735 A>45@68B <85;8=878@>20==K5 2>;>:=0. -?5=48<=K9 (35@<5=0B82=K9) A;>9 405B =0G0;> =5@2=K< 8 3;80;L=K< M;5<5=B0< &!. 0640O 70G0B:>20O :;5B:0 45;8BAO =0 425 4>G5@=85, >4=0 87 :>B>@KE <83@8@C5B 2



 

 



 8A. 35. !E5<0 ?>A;54>20B5;L=>AB8

@0728B8O >A=>2=KE >B45;>2 8 AB@C:BC@ <>730 [3]:

 - 2 =5@2=>9 B@C1:5 48DD5@5=F8@>20==K< O2;O5BAO B>;L:> ?5@28G=K9

?5@54=89 <>73 (prosencephalon);  - =0<5G0NBAO B@8 >A=>2=KE >B45;0

(AB048O B@5E <>73>2KE ?C7K@59); ,  - @0728BK ?OBL >B45;>2

3>;>2=>3> <>730 (AB048O ?OB8 <>73>2KE ?C7K@59);

Prosencephalon - ?5@28G=K9 ?5@54=89 <>73,

Rhombencephalon - ?5@28G=K9 704=89 <>73, Mesencephalon - A@54=89 <>73, Telencephalon - :>=5G=K9 <>73, Diencephalon - ?@><56CB>G=K9 <>73,

Metencephalon - 704=89 <>73, Myelencephalon - ?@>4>;3>20BK9 <>73;

1 - =59@>?>@, 2 - 25=B@0;L=0O 1>@>740, 3 - 2>@>=:0, 4 - 3;07=>9 ?C7K@L,

5 - 38?>D870@=K9 :0@<0=, 6 - >1>=OB5;L=0O ;C:>28F0, 7 - 3;07=>9 AB515;5:,

8 - 38?>D87, 9 - B0;0<CA, 10 - :@KH0, 11 - <>765G>:, 12 - <>AB,

13 - ?@>4>;3>20BK9 <>73, 14 - A>AC48AB>5 A?;5B5=85, 15 - :>@0 (?;0I),

16 - 1070;L=K5 O4@0, 17 - 7@8B5;L=K9 ?5@5:@5AB,

18 - M?8B0;0<CA, 19 - 38?>B0;0<CA

 

<0=B89=K9 A;>9, 0 2B>@0O >AB05BAO 2 35@<5=0B82=><. 83@8@CNI85 2 <0=B89=K9 A;>9 :;5B:8 ?@52@0I0NBAO 2 =59@>1;0ABK, :>B>@K5 2 40;L=59H5< 48DD5@5=F8@CNBAO 2 7@5;K5 =59@>=K. ;5B:8, >AB0NI85AO 2 3;C18=5 M?5=48<=>3> A;>O, ?@52@0I0NBAO 2 0AB@>F8B>1;0ABK. 5:>B>@K5 :;5B:8, >AB020OAL =548DD5@5=F8@>20==K<8, >B45;ONBAO >B M?5=48<=>3> A;>O (<54C;;>1;0ABK) 8 >1@07CNB >;83>45=4@>F8BK.



"01;8F0 2



A=>2=K5 87<5=5=8O 2 ?@>F5AA5 @0728B8O =5@2=>9 A8AB5<K G5;>25:0



>7@0AB

70@>4KH0,

=545;8	;8=0

70@>4KH0,

<<	

 0728B85 <>730

2,5	1,5	0<5G05BAO =5@2=0O 1>@>74:0



3,5	2,5	5@2=0O 1>@>74:0 70:@K205BAO. 5@2=K9 3@515=L 8<55B 284 A?;>H=>9 ;5=BK

4,0	5,0	5@2=0O B@C1:0 70<:=CB0. 1@07>20;8AL B@8

?5@28G=KE <>73>2KE ?C7K@O. $>@<8@CNBAO =5@2K

8 30=3;88. !D>@<8@>20;8AL M?5=48<=K9, <0=B89=K9

8 :@052>9 A;>8

5,0	8,0	$>@<8@CNBAO 5 <>73>2KE ?C7K@59. 0<5G0NBAO ?>;CH0@8O 1>;LH>3> <>730

6,0	12,0	1@07CNBAO B@8 ?5@28G=KE 873810 =5@2=>9 B@C1:8. 5@2=K5 A?;5B5=8O AD>@<8@>20=K. !8<?0B8G5A:85 C7;K D>@<8@CNB A53<5=B0@=K5 A:>?;5=8O. 0<5G0NBAO <>73>2K5 >1>;>G:8

7,0	17,0	>;CH0@8O <>730 4>AB830NB 1>;LH>3> @07<5@0. >O2;ONBAO A>AC48ABK5 A?;5B5=8O. %>@>H> 2K@065=K ?>;>A0B>5 B5;> 8 7@8B5;L=K9 1C3>@

8,0	23,0	 :>@5 <>730 ?>O2;ONBAO B8?8G=K5 =5@2=K5 :;5B:8. K@065=K >1>;>G:8 <>730

10,0	40,0	$>@<8@C5BAO 2=CB@5==OO AB@C:BC@0 A?8==>3> <>730

12,0	56,0	$>@<8@CNBAO >1I85 AB@C:BC@=K5 G5@BK 3>;>2=>3> <>730. 0G8=05BAO 48DD5@5=F8@>2:0 :;5B>: =59@>3;88

16,0	112,0	>;CH0@8O ?>:@K20NB 1>;LHCN G0ABL <>73>2>3> AB2>;0.  07;8G0NBAO 4>;8 3>;>2=>3> <>730. >O2;ONBAO 1C3@K G5B25@>E>;<8O. K@065= <>765G>:

20-40	160-520	025@H05BAO D>@<8@>20=85 :><8AAC@ <>730 (20 =54.). 0G8=05BAO <85;8=870F8O A?8==>3> <>730. >O2;ONBAO B8?8G=K5 A;>8 :>@K 3>;>2=>3> <>730 (25 =54.). $>@<8@CNBAO 1>@>74K 8 8728;8=K 3>;>2=>3> <>730 (28-30 =54.). 0G8=05BAO <85;8=870F8O 3>;>2=>3> <>730 (36-40 =54.)

10. "/ !! +% !!" '+%



@8B5;L=0O A5=A>@=0O A8AB5<0



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



 



 8A. 36. !E5<0 AB@>5=8O 3;07=>3> O1;>:0 [7]:

1 - A:;5@0, 2 - @>3>28F0, 3 - E@CAB0;8:, 4 - @04C6=0O >1>;>G:0, 5 - @5A=8G=0O <KHF0, 6 - F8==>2K A2O7:8, 7 - =0@C6=0O <KHF0 3;070, 8 - 7@8B5;L=K9 =5@2





 



 8A. 37. >?5@5G=K9 @07@57 A5BG0B:8 [7]:

1 - ?83<5=B=0O :;5B:0, 2 - ?0;>G:0, 3 - :>;1>G:0, 4 - 3>@87>=B0;L=0O :;5B:0,

5 - 0<0:@8=>20O :;5B:0, 6 - 18?>;O@=0O :;5B:0, 7 - 30=3;8>7=0O :;5B:0



!0<K9 2=CB@5==89 A;>9 3;070 - A5BG0B:0 - A>AB>8B 87 D>B>@5F5?B>@>2 (:>;1>G5: 8 ?0;>G5:), G5BK@5E B8?>2 =5@2=KE :;5B>:, 3;80;L=KE :;5B>: (<N;;5@>2A:85 :;5B:8) 8 ?83<5=B=KE :;5B>:.. !5BG0B:0 ?>72>=>G=KE 8<55B 8=25@B8@>20==CN AB@C:BC@C: D>B>@5F5?B>@K @0A?>;030NBAO 2 A0<>< C40;5==>< >B AB5:;>284=>3> B5;0 A;>5.  3;07C G5;>25:0 <>@D>;>38G5A:8 @07;8G0NBAO 420 :;0AA0 D>B>@5F5?B>@>2: ?0;>G:8 (>:>;> 120 <;=.) 8 :>;1>G:8 (>:>;> 6 <;=.). $>B>@5F5?B>@K A>548=5=K A8=0?B8G5A:8<8 :>=B0:B0<8 A 18?>;O@=K<8 8 3>@87>=B0;L=K<8 :;5B:0<8. 8?>;O@K ?5@540NB A83=0;K >B D>B>@5F5?B>@>2 2 A;>9 0<0:@8=>2KE 8 30=3;8>7=KE :;5B>:. :A>=K 30=3;8>7=KE :;5B>:, 3@0=8G0I8E A> AB5:;>284=K< B5;><, =0?@02;ONBAO : >?B8G5A:><C 48A:C, 8;8 A;5?><C ?OB=C, 345 >=8 A>18@0NBAO 2<5AB5, ?@>E>4OB G5@57 A:;5@C 8 >1@07CNB 7@8B5;L=K9 =5@2.  <5AB5 ?5@5A5G5=8O A5BG0B:8 >?B8G5A:>9 >ALN =0E>48BAO C3;C1;5=85 (D>250), :>B>@>5 A>45@68B 87 D>B>@5F5?B>@>2 B>;L:> :>;1>G:8.

>;>:=0 7@8B5;L=>3> =5@20 ?@>5F8@CNBAO 2 O4@0 25@E=8E 1C3@>2 G5B25@>E>;<8O (A@54=89 <>73), => 2 1>;LH59 AB5?5=8 2 ;0B5@0;L=>5 :>;5=G0B>5 B5;> ("). !B2>;K 7@8B5;L=KE =5@2>2 >1@07CNB ?5@5:@5AB (E807<C), 2 :>B>@>< ?@>8AE>48B G0AB8G=>5 ?5@5:@5I820=85 2>;>:>=. :A>=K 30=3;8>7=KE :;5B>: >B =0@C6=>9 (28A>G=>9) ?>;>28=K A5BG0B:8 ?>?040NB 2 8?A8;0B5@0;L=>5 :>;5=G0B>5 B5;>, >B 2=CB@5==59 - 2 :>=B@;0B5@0;L=>5.  " 2E>4=K5 A83=0;K >B 30=3;8>7=KE :;5B>: @07;8G=KE 3;07 ?@>5F8@CNBAO 2 @07=K5 A;>8: :>=B@;0B5@0;L=K5 2>;>:=0 ?>?040NB 2 1-9, 4-9 8 6-9 A;>8, 0 8?A8;0B5@0;L=K5 - 2> 2-9, 3-9 8 5-9. :A>=K =59@>=>2 " 84CB 2 17-5 ?>;5 (?> @>4<0=C) 2 70BK;>G=>9 >1;0AB8 :>@K - ?5@28G=>5 7@8B5;L=>5 ?>;5. @><5 B>3>, 7@8B5;L=0O 8=D>@<0F8O ?>ABC?05B B0:65 2 18-5 8 19-5 ?>;5.



!;CE>20O A5=A>@=0O A8AB5<0 <;5:>?8B0NI8E



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



 



 8A. 38. >@B852 >@30= (A 87<5=5=8O<8 ?> [15]):

1, 2 - 2=5H=85 8 2=CB@5==85 2>;>A:>2K5 :;5B:8, 3, 4 - 2=5H=85

8 2=CB@5==85 ?>445@6820NI85 (>?>@=K5) :;5B:8, 5 - =5@2=K5 2>;>:=0,

6 - 1078;O@=0O <5<1@0=0, 7 - >B25@AB8O @5B8:C;O@=>9 (A5BG0B>9) <5<1@0=K,

8 - A?8@0;L=0O A2O7:0, 9 - :>AB=0O A?8@0;L=0O ?;0AB8=:0,

10 - B5:B>@80;L=0O (?>:@>2=0O) <5<1@0=0



 :>@B852>< >@30=5 =0E>4OBAO 2>;>A:>2K5 :;5B:8, >:@C65==K5 ?>445@6820NI8<8 :;5B:0<8. >;>A:>2K5 :;5B:8 =5ACB =0 A2>59 ?>25@E=>AB8 2K@>ABK - AB5@5>F8;88.  07;8G0NB 2=CB@5==85 (>:>;> 3500 C G5;>25:0) 8 =0@C6=K5 (>:>;> 20 000) 2>;>A:>2K5 :;5B:8. 0@C6=K5 @0A?>;>65=K B@5<O @O40<8, 2=CB@5==85 >1@07CNB >48=. 04 :>@B852K< >@30=>< ;568B 65;0B8=>>1@07=0O <0AA0, B5:B>@80;L=0O (?>:@>2=0O) <5<1@0=0. =0 ?@8:@5?;5=0 : 2=CB@5==59 AB>@>=5 C;8B:8 8 ?@8:0A05BAO : AB5@5>F8;8O< 2>;>A:>2KE :;5B>:. >;>A:>2K5 :;5B:8 :>@B8520 >@30=0 =5 8<5NB 0:A>=>2. "5;0 =5@2=KE :;5B>:, ?5@540NI8E 2>71C645=85 >B MB>3> >@30=0 : &!, =0E>4OBAO 2 A?8@0;L=>< 30=3;88, :>B>@K9 ;568B 2 C;8B:5, 702820OAL 2>:@C3 =55 2<5AB5 A :0=0;0<8. 5@2=K5 :;5B:8 MB>3> 30=3;8O 18?>;O@=K5: >48= >B@>AB>: 845B =0 ?5@8D5@8N : 2>;>A:>2K< :;5B:0<, 4@C3>9 - 2 A>AB025 A;CE>2>3> =5@20 : &!. 95% 2>;>:>= A;CE>2>3> =5@20 (C G5;>25:0 8E 2A53> >:>;> 25 000) A2O70=K B>;L:> A 2=CB@5==8<8 2>;>A:>2K<8 :;5B:0<8.

5@28G=K5 0DD5@5=B=K5 2>;>:=0 =59@>=>2 A?8@0;L=>3> 30=3;8O 84CB : :>E;50@=><C O4@C. B 53> 25=B@0;L=>9 G0AB8 A83=0;K ?@>2>4OBAO : 8?A8- 8 :>=B@;0B5@0;L=K< 25@E=5->;820@=K< :><?;5:A0<. :A>=K =59@>=>2 4>@A0;L=>3> :>E;50@=>3> O4@0 ?5@5E>4OB =0 ?@>B82>?>;>6=CN AB>@>=C 8 >1@07CNB A8=0?AK A =59@>=0<8 O4@0 ;0B5@0;L=>3> ;5<=8A:0. :A>=K ?>A;54=8E G0AB8G=> ?5@5E>4OB =0 ?@>B82>?>;>6=CN AB>@>=C 8 84CB G5@57 420 O4@0 ?5@5:;NG5=8O - =86=85 1C3@K G5B25@>E>;<8O 8 <5480;L=>5 :>;5=G0B>5 B5;> ("). 59@>=K " ?>AK;0NB 0:A>=K : ?5@28G=>9 A;CE>2>9 :>@5 2 28A>G=>9 4>;5.



@028B0F8>==0O A5=A>@=0O A8AB5<0 <;5:>?8B0NI8E



5AB81C;O@=K9 0??0@0B =5?>A@54AB25==> A2O70= A C;8B:>9 2=CB@5==53> CE0 (2<5AB5 >=8 >1@07CNB ;018@8=B) 8 A>45@68B >B>;8B>2K9 >@30= 8 ?>;C:@C6=K5 :0=0;K.

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



!><0B8G5A:0O A5=A>@=0O A8AB5<0



 :>65 @0A?>;0305BAO @O4 A2>5>1@07=KE @5F5?B>@=KE >1@07>20=89, >15A?5G820NI8E <5E0=8G5A:CN, B5<?5@0BC@=CN 8 1>;52CN GC2AB28B5;L=>ABL.

 

 



 8A. 39. @30= @02=>25A8O [4]:

1 - ?>;C:@C6=K5 :0=0;K, 2 - ?@54425@85, 3 - AD5@8G5A:89 <5H>G5: (A0::C;NA),

4 - ?OB=> (<0:C;0), 5 - M=4>;8<D0B8G5A:89 ?@>B>:, 6 - M;;8?B8G5A:89 <5H>G5:

(CB@8:C;NA), 7 - 0<?C;0, 8 - >B>;8B>2K9 0??0@0B, 9 - AB0B>:>=88, 10 - <5<1@0=0

AB0B>:>=89, 11 - ?>445@6820NI85 :;5B:8, 12, 13 - 2>;>A:>2K5 A5=A>@=K5

:;5B:8, 14 - 0<?C;L=K9 3@515H>:, 15 - :C?>;

 

 



 8A. 40. "8?K A><0B>A5=A>@=KE @5F5?B>@>2 [10]:

1 - A2>1>4=K5 =5@2=K5 >:>=G0=8O, 2 - B5;LF5 59A=5@0, 3 - 48A: 5@:5;O,

4 - @5F5?B>@K 2>;>AO=>3> D>;;8:C;0, 5 - B5;LF0 0GG8=8,

6 - >:>=G0=8O  CDD8=8, 7 - :>;1K @0C75

 

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

"5;0 =59@>=>2, 0DD5@5=B=K5 0:A>=K :>B>@KE ?>4E>4OB : :>6=K< @5F5?B>@0< 8;8 A0<8 2K?>;=ONB @5F5?B>@=CN DC=:F8N, =0E>4OBAO 2 A?8=0;L=KE 30=3;8OE 8 ?5@540NB 2 3>;>2=>9 <>73 8=D>@<0F8N ?> 42C< >A=>2=K< ?CBO<: ;5<=8A:>2><C (?CG:8 >;;O 8 C@40E0) 8 A?8==>-B0;0<8G5A:><C. &5=B@0;L=K5 7>=K MB>9 A5=A>@=>9 A8AB5<K =0E>4OBAO C G5;>25:0 2 >1;0AB8 ?>ABF5=B@0;L=>9 8728;8=K (?5@20O A><0B>A5=A>@=0O >1;0ABL) 8 >1;0ABOE, ?@8<K:0NI8E : A;CE>2>9 :>@5 (2B>@0O A><0B>A5=A>@=0O >1;0ABL)



@>?@8>F5?B82=0O A5=A>@=0O A8AB5<0



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



%5<>@5F5?B>@=K5 A5=A>@=K5 A8AB5<K



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

 



 8A. 41. "8?K 2:CA>2KE A>A>G:>2 (0), AB@>5=85 2:CA>2>9 ?>G:8 (1) (F8B. ?> [12]):

2:CA>2K5 A>A>G:8: 1 - 3@81>284=K5, 2 - ;8AB>284=K5, 3 - 65;>1>20BK5;

4 - 2:CA>20O ?>@0, 5 - A8=0?AK, 6, 7 - ?>445@6820NI85 (>?>@=K5) :;5B:8,

9 - 1070;L=K5 :;5B:8, 10 - M?8B5;80;L=K5 :;5B:8



>BE>4OB >B 30=3;8>7=KE :;5B>: G5@5?=><>73>2KE =5@2>2 - 25B28 VII (10@010==0O AB@C=0) 8 IX. -B8 =59@>=K >1@07CNB F5=B@0;L=K5 A8=0?AK 2 ?@>4>;3>20B>< <>73C - =0 =59@>=0E O4@0 >48=>G=>3> B@0:B0.  A2>N >G5@54L =59@>=K O4@0 >1@07CNB A8=0?AK =0 =59@>=0E B0;0<8G5A:8E O45@, 0 B5 ?>AK;0NB 0:A>=K 2 ?>ABF5=B@0;L=CN 8728;8=C :>@K 1>;LH8E ?>;CH0@89.

1>=OB5;L=0O A8AB5<0. # G5;>25:0 >1>=OB5;L=K5 @5F5?B>@K A>A@54>B>G5=K =0 =51>;LH>< CG0AB:5 M?8B5;8O 25@E=59 8 (G0AB8G=>) =86=59 =>A>2>9 @0:>28=K (>1>=OB5;L=K9 M?8B5;89). @><5 >1>=OB5;L=KE @5F5?B>@>2 2 MB>< M?8B5;88 @0A?>;030NBAO 1070;L=K5 :;5B:8. 0 A2>5< 0?8:0;L=>< ?>;NA5 >1>=OB5;L=K5 :;5B:8 =5ACB 284>87<5=5==K5 @5A=8G:8, ?>3@C65==K5 2 A;>9 A;878, :>B>@0O ?>:@K205B >1>=OB5;L=K9 M?8B5;89. :A>=K >1>=OB5;L=KE :;5B>: >1@07CNB B>;ABK5 ?CG:8 ?>4 A5=A>@=K< M?8B5;85< (>1>=OB5;L=K5 2>;>:=0), :>B>@K5 84CB : >1>=OB5;L=K< ;C:>28F0<, ?@>E>4O G5@57 @5H5BG0BCN :>ABL. ;5B>G=K5 M;5<5=BK >1>=OB5;L=>9 ;C:>28FK @0A?>;>65=K A;>O<8 (?> =0?@02;5=8N : F5=B@C): 1) A;>9 filia olfactoria; 2) A;>9 3;><5@C;; 3) =0@C6=K9 ?;5:A8<>@D=K9 A;>9; 4) A;>9 B5; <8B@0;L=KE :;5B>:; 5) A;>9 :;5B>:-75@5=. 5AL<0 :@C?=K5 <8B@0;L=K5 :;5B:8 >B40NB 3;02=K9 45=4@8B, 25B2;5=8O :>B>@>3> >1@07CNB A8=0?AK A 2>;>:=0<8 >1>=OB5;L=KE :;5B>:. 0 :064>9 <8B@0;L=>9 :;5B:5 >1@07CNB A8=0?AK 4> 1000 2>;>:>=. :A>=K <8B@0;L=KE :;5B>: >1@07CNB >1>=OB5;L=K9 B@0:B, ?5@540NI89 A83=0;K 2> <=>385 >1;0AB8 <>730, 2 B>< G8A;5 2 >1>=OB5;L=CN ;C:>28FC ?@>B82>?>;>6=>9 AB>@>=K, >1>=OB5;L=CN :>@C, 38??>:0<? 8 G5@57 <8=40;8=C : O4@0< 38?>B0;0<CA0.  >1>=OB5;L=>9 ;C:>28F5 ?>4E>48B <=>65AB2> MDD5@5=B=KE 2>;>:>= >B 3>;>2=>3> <>730: >B >1>=OB5;L=KE :>@:>2KE >1;0AB59, 1070;L=>9 G0AB8 :>=5G=>3> <>730 8 A@54=53> <>730.

 











!! !, " "# +





1. 09F520 ..  0A?@545;5=85 0DD5@5=B=KE M;5<5=B>2 2 F5=B@0;L=>9 =5@2=>9 A8AB5<5 >1K:=>25==>3> ?@C4>28:0 // @E82 0=0B><88, M<1@8>;>388 8 38AB>;>388. 1981. ". 81. ! 11.!. 35-42.

2. 20=>2 .., >=G04A:89 .!., >;O=A:89 ..., !B@5;:>2 .. >;LH>9 ?@0:B8:C< ?> 7>>;>388 15A?>72>=>G=KE. '. 2. .: KAH0O H:>;0,1983. 543 A.

3.  ><5@ ., 0@A>=A ". =0B><8O ?>72>=>G=KE. ". 2. .: 8@, 1992. 406 A.

4. !0?8= . .,8;8G .. =0B><8O G5;>25:0. " 2. .: KAH0O H:>;0, 1996. 432 A.

5. !2845@A:89 .. A=>2K =59@>D878>;>388 =0A5:><KE. .: 0C:0. 5=8=3@04A:>5 >B4-=85, 1980. 280 A.

6. $5=8H %., 0C15@ . 0@<0==K9 0B;0A 0=0B><88 G5;>25:0. 8=A:: KHM9H0O H:>;0,1996. 464 A.

7. %LN15; . ;07, <>73, 7@5=85. : 8@,1990. 240 A.

8. Biologiekolleg. Berlin: Cornelsen-Velhagen&Klasing, 1981. 464 S.

9. Eckert R. Tierphysiologie. Stuttgart,New York: Georg Thieme Vrlag,1986. 698 S.

10. Der Mensch. Bonn: Verlag des Borromaeusvereins,1986 208 S.

11. Schumacher G.-H. Embryonale Entwicklung des Menschen. Berlin: VEB Verlag Volk und Gesundheit, 1987. 282 S.

12. Shepherd G.M. Neurobiologie. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer-Verlag, 1993. 624 S.

13. Ude J., Koch M. Die Zelle: Atlas der Ultrastruktur. Jena, Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer Verlag, 1994. 312 S.

14. Waldeyer A. Anatomie des Menschen. Teil 1. Berlin, New York: de Gruyter, 1987. 494 S.

15. Waldeyer A. Anatomie des Menschen. Teil 2. Berlin, New York: de Gruyter, 1986. 638 S.

 













2545=85 ..............................................................................................................	3

1. ;5B>G=0O >@30=870F8O =5@2=>9 A8AB5<K .....................................................	4

2. !@02=8B5;L=0O 0=0B><8O =5@2=>9 A8AB5<K 15A?>72>=>G=KE .......................	10

3. !@02=8B5;L=0O 0=0B><8O =5@2=>9 A8AB5<K ?>72>=>G=KE ............................	15

4. $C=:F8>=0;L=K5 >B45;K <>730 G5;>25:0 ......................................................	16

5. =0B><8O 2535B0B82=>9 =5@2=>9 A8AB5<K .....................................................	37

6. 1>;>G:8 <>730 ...............................................................................................	41

7. !8AB5<0 65;C4>G:>2 <>730 .............................................................................	45

8. @>25=>A=K5 A>AC4K <>730 .............................................................................	48

9. =B>35=57 =5@2=>9 A8AB5<K G5;>25:0 ...........................................................	51

10. =0B><8O A5=A>@=KE A8AB5< ?>72>=>G=KE ..................................................	56

!?8A>: 8A?>;L7>20==>9 ;8B5@0BC@K ..................................................................	66















  



 8A. 6. 5@2=0O A8AB5<0 G;5=8AB>=>38E:

0 - =5@2=0O A8AB5<0 ><0@0 [9]; 1 - =5@2=0O A8AB5<0 <C@02LO [8];

2 - =043;>B>G=K9 30=3;89 ?5@5;5B=>9 A0@0=G8 (F8B. ?> [5])

1 - =043;>B>G=K9 (F5@51@0;L=K9) 30=3;89, 2 - >:>;>3;>B>G=0O :>==5:B820, 3 - ?>43;>B>G=K9 30=3;89,

4 - B>@0:0;L=K5 30=3;88, 5 - 014><8=0;L=K5 30=3;88, 4,5 - 1@NH=0O =5@2=0O F5?>G:0 (A53<5=B0@=K5 30=3;88,

A>548=5==K5 :>==5:B820<8), 6 - ?@>B>F5@51@C<, 7 - 7@8B5;L=0O 4>;O, 8 - 459B>F5@51@C<, 9 - B@8B>F5@51@C<

 

 



 8A. 12. >?5@5G=K5 @07@57K A@54=53> <>730 =0 C@>2=5 =86=8E (0) 8 25@E=8E (1) 1C3>@:>2 [15]:

I - :@KH0, II - ?>:@KH:0, ( - >A=>20=85;

1 - 2>4>?@>2>4 <>730 (A8;L2852), 2 - F5=B@0;L=>5 A5@>5 25I5AB2>, 3 - O4@> =86=53> 1C3>@:0, 4 - 25@E=85 =>6:8

<>765G:0, 5 - A?8==>-B0;0<8G5A:89 ?CBL, 6 - <5480;L=0O ?5B;O, 7 - @5B8:C;O@=0O D>@<0F8O, 8 - ?5@5:@5AB ?5@54=8E

=>65: <>765G:0, 9 - G5@=>5 25I5AB2>, 10 - <>AB, 11-14 - D@>=B>-<>AB>2>9, :>@B8:>-=C:;50@=K9, :>@B8:>-A?8=0;L=K9,

70BK;>G=>-28A>G=>-<>AB>2>9 ?CB8, >1@07CNI85 >A=>20=85 =>6:8 <>730, 15 - @C1@>-A?8=0;L=K9 ?CBL, 16 - B5:B>-

?8=0;L=K9 ?CBL, 17 - :@0A=>5 O4@>, 18 - @CG:8 ?5@54=8E 1C3>@:>2, 19 - ?5@54=89 1C3>@>:, 20 - O4@> 1>:>2>3> =5@20,

21 - O4@> 3;07>42830B5;L=>3> =5@20, A>45@60I55 4>102>G=>5 O4@>

 

 



 8A. 15. @><56CB>G=K9 <>73:

0 - 4>@A0;L=0O ?>25@E=>ABL, 1 - A038BB0;L=K9 @07@57 [6]:

1 - B0;0<CA, 2 - <>73>20O ?>;>A:0 B0;0<CA0, 3 - :>=5G=0O ?>;>A:0, 4 - ?@8:@5?;5==0O ?;0AB8=:0, 5 - ?>2>4>:,

6 - B@5C3>;L=8: ?>2>4:0, 7 - A?09:0 ?>2>4:>2, 8 - M?8D87, 9, 10 - <5480;L=>5 8 ;0B5@0;L=>5 :>;5=G0BK5 B5;0,

11 - ?>4CH:0, 12 - AC1D>@=8:0;L=K9 >@30=, 13 - <5665;C4>G:>2>5 >B25@AB85, 14 - 38?>B0;0<8G5A:0O 1>@>740,

15 - <56B0;0<8G5A:>5 A@0I5=85, 16 - AC1:><8AAC@0;L=K9 >@30=, 17 - ?5@54=OO :><8AAC@0, 18 - 38?>B0;0<CA,

19 - ?@547@8B5;L=>5 ?>;5, 20 - A>AF5284=>5 B5;>, 21 - A5@K9 1C3>@, 22 - 2>@>=:0,

23 - =59@>38?>D87, 24 - 045=>38?>D87, 25 - 7@8B5;L=K9 ?5@5:@5AB

 

 



 8A. 22. !B@>5=85 A8<?0B8G5A:>9 A8AB5<K [14]:

1 - 704=89 :>@5H>:, 2 -A?8==><>73>2>9 30=3;89, 3 - ?5@54=89 :>@5H>:, 4,5 - 15;0O 8 A5@0O

A>548=8B5;L=K5 25B28, 6,7 - 704=OO 8 ?5@54=OO 25B28 A?8==><>73>2>3> =5@20, 8 - 15;>5 25I5AB2>

A?8==>3> <>730, 9 - 1>:>2>9 @>3, 10 - A8<?0B8G5A:89 AB2>;, 11 - 30=3;89 A8<?0B8G5A:>3> AB2>;0,

12 - ?@525@B51@0;L=K9 30=3;89, 13,14 - ?@530=3;8>=0@=K9 8 ?>AB30=3;8>=0@=K9 0:A>=K,

15 - G@52=K9 =5@2, 16 - ?8I520@8B5;L=K9 B@0:B, 17 - :>60