ÿþ528B8@CNI89 <03=8B :0: =>2K9 ?CBL : G8AB>9 M=5@388







>AB5?5==> >BABC?0NI89 M:>=><8G5A:89 :@878A @57:> >1>7=0G8; >4=C 87 3;02=KE A>2@5<5==KE ?@>1;5< G5;>25G5AB20   M=5@35B8G5A:CN. 5B>4>2 @5H5=8O 5Q 2 2845 B5E=>;>389 M=5@3>A15@565=8O 8 8A?>;L7>20=8O 2>7>1=>2;O5<KE 8AB>G=8:>2 ?@54;0305BAO <=>65AB2>, 0 >4=>9 87 A0<KE ?5@A?5:B82=KE, => 25AL<0 >B40;Q==KE >B ?@0:B8G5A:>3> 2=54@5=8O 70<5=>9 =K=5H=8< M;5:B@>AB0=F8O< AG8B05BAO B5@<>O45@=K9 A8=B57. -:A?5@8<5=B, 2>A?@>872>4OI89 AE>685 A 75<=K<8 <03=8B=K5 ?>;O, ?>4B25@6405B ?>B5=F80; =>2>3> A?>A>10 A>740=8O @50:B>@0 4;O2K@01>B:8 M=5@388 ?@8 ?><>I8 A;8O=8O O45@   B0:>9 65 @50:F88, :>B>@0O ?@>8AE>48B =0 !>;=F5.











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olumbia University), =07K205<>< LDX (Levitated Dipole Experiment   528B8@CNI89 48?>;L=K9 M:A?5@8<5=B), 8A?>;L7C5BAO :>;LF5>1@07=K9 <03=8B<0AA>9 ?>;B>==K 8 @07<5@>< A ?>:@KH:C >B :@C?=>3> 3@C7>28:0. = 873>B>2;5= 87 @0A?>;>65==KE 2=CB@8 AB0;L=>9 :>=AB@C:F88 A25@E?@>2>4OI8E :0BCH5:, C45@68205BAO 2 "?>425H5==><" A>AB>O=88 <>I=K< M;5:B@><03=8B=K< ?>;5< 8 2K?>;=O5B DC=:F8N :>=B@>;O 70 ?5@5<5I5=85< 70@O65==>3> 3070   ?;07<K A B5<?5@0BC@>9 2 10 <;= 3@04CA>2, :>B>@0O =0E>48BAO 2> 2=5H=59 :0<5@5 480<5B@>< 4,9 <.











 57C;LB0BK ?>:070;8, GB> 2=CB@8 :0<5@K A;CG09=K5 BC@1C;5=B=K5 ?@>F5AAK 70AB02;ONB ?;07<C AB0=>28BLAO 1>;55 ?;>B=>9 2<5AB> @0AH8@5=8O, 0 MB> C25;8G8205B 25@>OB=>ABL A;8O=8O O45@. "0:>5 "BC@1C;5=B=>5 A60B85" =01;N405BAO 2> 2@5<O 2708<>459AB28O ?;07<K A <03=8B=K<8 ?>;O<8 5<;8 8 .?8B5@0, => =8:>340 5IQ =5 2>AA>74020;>AL 2 ;01>@0B>@88.  1>;LH8=AB25 M:A?5@8<5=B>2 ?@8<5=ONBAO >4=0 8;8 425 B5E=>;>388: B>:0<0:8 A >:@C60NI8<8 :0<5@C 2 2845 "1C1;8:0" <03=8B0<8 4;O >3@0=8G5=8O ?;07<K 8 8=5@F8>==>5 C45@60=85 ?;07<K ;075@0<8, AB@5;ONI8<8 2 <0;5=L:CN <8H5=L 87 B>?;820. > LDX   MB> A>25@H5==> 8=>9 ?CBL, "?5@2K9 M:A?5@8<5=B B0:>3> @>40",   3>2>@8B D878: 87 MIT 659 5A=5@ (Jay Kesner). > 53> <=5=8N, >B:@KB 0;LB5@=0B82=K9 ?CBL : A8=B57C O45@, >4=0:> A ?@0:B8G=>ABLN ?>:0 =5 2AQ OA=>   B@51C5BAO ?@>2545=85 1>;LH53> :>;8G5AB20 8AA;54>20=89. 0?@8<5@, =5A<>B@O =0 87<5@5==CN 2KA>:CN ?;>B=>ABL ?;07<K =5>1E>48<> =>2>5 >1>@C4>20=85 4;O @538AB@0F88 B5<?5@0BC@K, 0 B5AB8@>20=85 4>;6=> ?@>2>48BLAO =0 3>@074> 1>;LH59 25@A88 <03=8B0 8 :0<5@K.

















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





> A;>20< CGQ=KE, 5A;8 MDD5:B A BC@1C;5=B=>ABLN 8 C25;8G5=85< ?;>B=>AB8 C40ABAO <0AHB018@>20BL, B>340 ?>445@60=85 CA;>289 4;O AB018;L=>9 B5@<>O45@=>9 @50:F88 8 ?@>872>4AB20 G8AB>9 M=5@388 1C45B 2>7<>6=>. "5@<>O45@=0O M=5@35B8:0 >15A?5G8B ?>B@51=>AB8 ?;0=5BK 157 A?>A>1AB2CNI8E 3;>10;L=><C ?>B5?;5=8N 2K1@>A>2. %>BO ?@>5:B @07@010BK205BAO C65 1>;55 10 ;5B, ?5@2K5 M:A?5@8<5=B0;L=K5 @57C;LB0BK 2 ";528B8@CNI59" :>=D83C@0F88 ?>;CG5=K A>2A5< =5402=>. 0: AG8B0NB A?5F80;8ABK, LDX O2;O5BAO >4=8< 87 A0<KE >@838=0;L=KEM:A?5@8<5=B>2 2 AD5@5 D878:8 ?;07<K, 8 2 B5>@88 1C4CI55 B5E=>;>388 <=>3>>15I0NI55.